Table 1.

Comparison of host, genome features, receptor-binding site, and receptor of human coronaviruses.

HCoV	Host		Genome features		Receptor-binding sites		Receptor
	Natural	Intermediate	Size (nt)	GC (%)	RBD	RBM	Protein Determinant	Protein Determinant
HCoV-229 ​E	Bats	Camelids	27,240	38	417–547	–	APN
HCoV-NL63	Bats	Unknown	27,553	34	476–616	–	--ACE2
HCoV-HKU1	Rodents	Unknown	29,926	32	15–302	–	Unknown	9-O-Ac-Sia
HCoV-OC43	Rodents	Cattle	30,738	37	15–302	–	Unknown	9-O-Ac-Sia
MERS-CoV	Bats	Camels	30,119	41	367–606	484–567	DPP4
SARS-CoV	Bats	Civets	29,727	41	306–527	424–494	ACE2
SARS-CoV-2	Bats	Pangolins?	29,903	38	333–527	438–506	ACE2