Table 1.

Summary table on the various literature electrochemical methods based on their applications, LOD and analysis time.

Detection Approach	Electrochemical Platforms	Target Analyte Detected	LOD	Analysis Time	References
Detection of coronavirus-related proteins	Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor FET (MOSFET)	SARS-CoV N protein	Sub-nanomolar concentrations	10 min	[30]
	Carbon nanotube FET (CNTFET)	SARS-CoV N protein	5 nM	10 min	[33]
	High-Electron-Mobility Transistor FET (HEMT)	SARS-CoV N protein	0.003 nM (0.4 pg)	–	[34]
	Graphene-based FET (GFET)	SARS-CoV-2 S protein	2.42 × 102 copies/ml (clinical samples)	–	[36]
	Array of AuNPs-modified carbon electrodes	MERS-CoV, OC43	0.4 pg/mL (OC43); 1.0 pg/mL (MERS-CoV)	–	[37]
	Eight-channel AuSPEs	SARS-CoV-2 S protein	1 fg/mL	3 min	[35]
Detection of viral DNA	Gold films	SARS-CoV 30-mer sequence	6 pmol/L	–	[42]
	Polylysine	SARS-CoV	5 pmol/L	–	[44]
	modified SPCEs	30-mer sequence	8 pmol/L	–	[45]
	Au nanostructured SPCEs	SARS-CoV 30-mer sequence	2.5 pmol/L	–	[43]
	Au/Au/Au electrode system	SARS-CoV	up to 400,000 copies	–	[46]
	Glassy carbon	SARS-CoV 30-mer sequence	5.0 pg/μL	–	[41]
	AuSPEs modified with CNTs	SARS-CoV 15-/30-mer sequence	800 nM	–	[47]
	Gold screen-printed electrodes (AuSPEs)	Coronavirus Aviair (174 bp)	5 ng/mL	30 min	[49]
	AuNPs electrodeposited on Ti surface	SARS-CoV-2	–	–	[50]
Detection of PCR Products	NanoChip 400 system Gold	OC43, 229E and HKU1	760 ng/μL (OC43); 128 ng/μL (229E)	–	[54]
		SARS-CoV-2	1 × 105 copies/mL	Under 2 h	[51]
Detection of ROS	Steel tips modified with MWCNTs	SARS-CoV-2 ROS level	–	30 s	[59]