Table 2.
Mechanism of TCM treatment of COVID-19.
| TCM | Method | Composition | Active ingredients | Pharmacological effects | Related cytokines |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maxing Shigan Decoction [75] | network pharmacological |
Ephedra equisetina Bge., Prunus armeniaca L., Gypsum Fibrosum, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. |
Quercetin, Kaempferol, Herbacetin, Delphinidin, Resivit, Estrone, Stigmasterol, CLR；Sitosterol, Isotrifoliol, Inflacoumarin A, Kanzonol F, Quercetin, Formononetin, CaSO4, CaSO4. 2H2O, Fe, Mn, Zn | Inflammation, immune response, hypoxia, apoptosis | TNF, IL-1β, IL-2, MAPK14, HSP90AB1, MAPK1, JUN, VEGFA, IL-10, IL6 |
| Respiratory Detox Shot [124] | Network pharmacological | Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq., Lonicera japonica Thunb., Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl, Polistes olivaceous(DeGeer), Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl., Cleditsia sinensis Lam., Ziziphus jujuba Mill. var. spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H.F.Chou, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. | Luteolin, Licoisoflavone B, Fisetin, Quercetin, Glyasperin F, Isolicoflavonol, Semilicoisoflavone-B | Leukocyte migration, inflammation, anti-virus | VCAM-1, IKKA, ELP1, NFKBIA, ESR1, HSP90AA1, AR, PPARG, GSK3B |
| Qingfei Paidu Decoction, Maxing Shigan Decoction [123] | Network pharmacology, vitro experiments |
Ephedra equisetina Bge., Prunus armeniaca L., Gypsum Fibrosum, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., Cinnamomum cassia Presl, Notopterygium incisum Ting ex H.T.Chang, Alisma orientalis (Sam.)Juzep., Polyporus umbellatus (Pers.)Fries, Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz., Poria cocos(Schw.)Wolf, Isatis indigotica Fort., Bupleurum chinense DC., Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Pinellia ternata (Thunb.)Breit., Zingiber officinale Rosc., Aster tataricus.L.f., Lonicera japonica Thunb., Tussilago farfara L., Belamcanda chinensis (L.)DC., Asarum heterotropoides Fr.Schmidt var.mandshuricum(Maxim.)Kitag., Dioscorea opposita Thunb., Citrus aurantium` L., Citrus reticulata Blanco, Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. |
Amygdalin, Baicalin, Ephedrine, Glycyrrhizic acid, Hesperidin, Narirutin, Neohesperidin | Anticoagulant, inflammation | TLR signal pathway |
| Gan cao [82] | Molecular docking simulation, molecular dynamics simulation | Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. | Glycyrrhetinic Acid, Glycyrrhizin A | Inhibit virus replication and interfere with the combination of virus and host | ACE-2 |
| 96,606 classic prescriptions [73] | Data mining and web pharmacology | Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Rheum palmatum L., Bupleurum chinense DC. | Quercetin, kaempferol, 4'-hydroxy vitellogenin, glycosides, glycyrrhizin, norvitelloxanthin | Immune, inflammatory, prevent binding to host cells | ACE2, 3CL |
| Lianhua Qingwen capsule [162] | Cytopathic effect (CPE) and plaque reduction test | Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl, Lonicera japonica Thunb., Ephedra equisetina Bge., Prunus armeniaca L., Gypsum Fibrosum, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., Isatis indigotica Fort., Rhizoma Dryopteridis, Houttuynia cordata Thunb., Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth., Rheum palmatum L., Rhodiola crenulata(Hook.f.et Thoms.)H. Ohba, Mentha haplocalyx Briq. | NR | Antivirus | TNF-α, IL-6, CCL-2/MCP-1, CXCL-10 / IP-10 |
| Liushen Capsule [125] | Cytopathic effect (CPE) and plaque reduction test | Calculus bovis, Muskmelon Base Pedicellus Melo, TokayGecko, Bottle Brush Herb Herba Equiseti Arvensis, Pteria martensii (Dunker), Realgar | Gamabufotalin, arenobufagin, telocinobufagin, desacetylcinobufotalin, bufotalin, cinobufotalin | Antivirus, inflammation, protection of host cells | TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-8, CCL-2/MCP-1, CXCL-10/IP-10, NF-κB/MAPK, p-NF-κBp65, p-IκBα, p-p38 MAPK, IκBα |
| Da Yuan yin [133] | Network pharmacology | Areca catechu L., Magnolia officinalis Rehd. et Wils., Amomum tsao-ko Crevost et Lemaire, Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bge., Paeonia lactiflora Pall., Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. | kaempferol, quercetin, 7-Methoxy-2-methyl isoflavone, naringenin, formononetin | Inflammatory, immune | IL6, MAPK3, MAPK8, CASP3, IL10, IL1B, CXCL8, MAPK1, CCL2, IFNG, IL4 |
| Two CHM formulas were obtained from the Hubei Province Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for COVID-19 [163] |
Network pharmacology | Formula A: Rhizoma Atractylodis, Flos Lonicerae, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae, Rhizoma Phragmitis, Folium Mori, Radix Astragali seu Hedysari; Formula B: Radix Astragali seu Hedysari, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, Radix Saposhnikoviae, Cyrtomium fortunei J. Sm., Flos Lonicerae, Eupatorium fortunei Turcz., Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae. |
Astragalus polysaccharide, Mairin, Oxysanguinarine, Stigmasterol, Dammaradienyl acetate, Stigmasterol, Hederagenin | Antiviral | P13 K/Akt signal pathway |
| Qingfei Paidu Decoction [164] | Network pharmacology | Ephedra equisetina Bge., Prunus armeniaca L., Gypsum Fibrosum, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., Cinnamomum cassia Presl, Notopterygium incisum Ting ex H.T.Chang, Alisma orientalis (Sam.)Juzep., Polyporus umbellatus (Pers.)Fries, Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz., Poria cocos(Schw.)Wolf, Isatis indigotica Fort., Bupleurum chinense DC., Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Pinellia ternata (Thunb.)Breit., Zingiber officinale Rosc., Aster tataricus.L.f., Lonicera japonica Thunb., Tussilago farfara L., Belamcanda chinensis (L.)DC., Asarum heterotropoides Fr.Schmidt var.mandshuricum(Maxim.)Kitag., Dioscorea opposita Thunb., Citrus aurantium` L., Citrus reticulata Blanco, Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. | 3-O-Methylviolanone, Cianidanol, (+)-Epicatechin, ZINC13130930, (2S)-dihydrobaicalein, naringenin, SR-01,000,767,148, cyclo(L-Tyr-l-Phe), (-)-taxifolin, Eriodyctiol (flavanone) | Inflammation, antiviral, lipid metabolism | ACE2, CD147, JAK-STAT signal pathway |
Abbreviation: NR: Not reported; TNF: Tumor Necrosis Factor; IL-1β: Interleukin -1β; IL-2: Interleukin -2; MAPK14: mitogen-activated protein kinase 14; HSP90AB1: Heat shock protein HSP 90-beta; VEGFA: Vascular endothelial growth factor A; IL-10: Interleukin -10; IL-6: Interleukin -6; VCAM-1: Vascular cell adhesion protein 1; IKKA: Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit alpha; ELP1: Elongator complex protein 1; NFKBIA: NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha; ESR1: Estrogen receptor1; AR: Androgen receptor; PPARG; Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; GSK3B: Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta; TLR: Toll-like receptor; ACE2: angiotensin converting enzyme 2; CCL-2: C-C motif chemokine 2; MCP-1: Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; CXCL-10: C-X-C motif chemokine 10; IκBα: I-kappa-B-alpha; CASP3: Caspase-3; IFNG: Immune interferon; P13K: Phosphatidylinositol 3; JAK: Janus kinase; STAT: Signal transducer and activator of transcription.