Table 1.
Summary of biomaterials-based approaches to boost tumor immunogenicity.
| Immunotherapy | Approach | Material | Cargo | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cytokine Therapy | Hydrogels | mPEG-PLGA | GM-CSF | 122 |
| Dextran, L-lactide, D-lactide | IL-2 | 123 | ||
| Hyaluronic acid | IFN-α2a | 124 | ||
| PMNT-PEG-PMNT | IL-12 | 125 | ||
| PEGylated poly(L-valine) | Tumor cell lysate, Poly(I:C) | 126 | ||
| Scaffolds | Polyglyconate and porcine gelatin drug-eluting scaffold | CCL17 | 127 | |
| Antibody-cytokine conjugates | scFV diabody specific to EDA of fibronectin (F8) | IL-4 (F8-IL-4) and IL-12 | 128 | |
| F8 | IL-13 (F8-IL-13) and IL-12 | 129 | ||
| Lipid Nanoparticles | Phosphatidylcholine | TRAIL-conjugated ssDNA; two types of ssDNA, DNA-FD and DNA-RD, encapsulated in separate liposomes. | 130 | |
| Polymeric nanoparticles | PBAEs | IL-12 | 131 | |
| Pathogen Recogniztion Receptor agonist | Hydrogels | K2(SL)6K2 multidomain peptide | Cyclic dinucleotide STING agonist | 132 |
| Scaffolds | Hyaluronic acid | 2’3’-cGAMP (STING agonist) or R848 (TLR7/8 agonist) | 133 | |
| Alginate | STING agonist, CAR T cells | 134 | ||
| Lipid nanoparticles | Phosphatidylcholine, DOTAP | cGAMP (STING agonist) | 135 | |
| DOTAP, cholesterol, DSPE-PEG | cGAMP | 136 | ||
| POPE, DMG-PEG, YSK05 | STING agonist | 137 | ||
| Microparticles | PLGA | Poly(I:C) | 138 | |
| Polymeric nanoparticles | PBAEs | cGAMP | 139 | |
| PEG, DEAEMA, BMA, PDSMA (Polymersome) | STING agonist | 57 | ||
| DMAEMA, BMA, PAA | STING agonist | 55 | ||
| Co-delivery of immune stimulating signals | Hydrogels | Hyaluronic acid | Ovalbumin expressing plasmid, GM-CSF | 140 |
| mPEG-b-poly(L-alanine) | GM-CSF, melanoma tumor cell lysates, anti-PD-1, anti-CTLA-4 | 141 | ||
| Microparticles | PLGA | Ovalbuimin and CpG-ODN | 142 | |
| PLGA-PEI | CpG-ODN, IL-10 siRNA, pDNA | 143 | ||
| Lipid nanoparticles | DSPE-PEG | IL-2, TGF-β inhibitor | 144 | |
| DOPC, cholesterol, DSPE-PEG, and DSPE-PEG-maleimide | Anti-CD137 and IL-2-Fc | 145 | ||
| Egg POPC, cholesterol, DSPE-PEG-maleimide, and iRGD coating | PI-3065 (P110δ inhibitor), 7DW8-5 (invariant natural killer T cell agonist, iNKT) | 146 | ||
| Infection mimicking | Scaffold | PLGA | GM-CSF, CpG-ODN, melanoma tumor lysates | 147 |
| PLGA | GM-CSF, CCL20, or Flt3L in combination with CpG-ODN and melanoma tumor lysates. | 148 | ||
| Mesoporous silica rods | GM-CSF, CpG-ODN, ovalbumin | 85 | ||
| Macrophage reprogramming | Lipid nanoparticle | Phosphatidylcholine | CSF1R inhibitor, SHP1 inhibtor | 149 |
| Polymeric nanoparticle | PBAEs | mRNA | 150 | |
| β-cyclodextrin | R848 | 107 | ||
| Modulating antigen trafficking | Polymeric nanoparticle | PAA, DMAEMA | Ovalbumin | 151 |
| PAA | Ovalbumin | 152 | ||
| Microparticle | PLGA | Ovalbumin | 153 | |
| Artificial antigen presenting cells | PLGA | Melanoma antigen | 154 | |
| PEG, PLGA, | H-2Kb TRP2 Ig dimers, anti-CD28, CD47-Fc | 155 | ||
| PLGA | Ovalbumin SIINFEKL peptide, anti-CD28, rhIL-2 | 156 |
Abbreviations: monomethoxypoly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (mPEG-PLGA), granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), poly[4-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidine-N-oxyl)aminoethylstyrene] (PMNT), cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP) Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L), Extra domain A (EDA), 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DSPE), 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethyl-ammonium-propane (DOTAP), poly(β-amino esters) (PBAEs), triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), 1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (POPE), 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycerol, (DMG), 2-(diethylamino) ethyl methacrylate (DEAEMA), butyl methacrylate (BMA), pyridyl disulfide ethyl methacrylate (PDSMA), dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), propyl acrylic acid (PAA), Tyrosine-related protein 2 (TRP2).