Fig 3.

(A) Illustration of the contrast between unmarked and marked noun phrases (which crosses over aligned and nonaligned expressions) in Hindi: Aligned expressions are always unmarked (“The gardener…”), as are nonaligned noun phrases in intransitive sentences (“The gardener crouched”), while nonaligned noun phrases in transitive sentences are marked (“The gardener+x planted trees”). (B) Smoothed grand averages of event-related power changes (dB relative to a baseline period of −600 to −200 ms) in individually defined alpha frequency bands. (C) Regression model tree for power changes in individually defined alpha frequency bands between 0 and 800 ms. The model also identified lower-order splits which are subsidiary to the main difference between marked and unmarked expression (see S5 Fig, S6 Table). (D) Topographic maps of power differences (in t-values) between sentences with marked unmarked expressions for a fixed alpha frequency band (8–12 Hz). (A–D) All other conventions are identical to the conventions in Fig 2. (Underlying data and scripts are available from https://osf.io/uhtcn/ and in the Supporting information file S1 Data.) Overall, the planning of sentences with unmarked expression (intransitive and transitive aligned sentences and intransitive nonaligned sentences) reveals ERD (more negative dB) in the alpha band. ERD, event-related desynchronization.