Table 1.
Changes in Metabolic and Psychosocial Outcomes of Patients with T2DM at 12 Months
| Variables | N (%) of Participants | Change (95% CI) | Change Between Groups(95% CI) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IG | CG | P | |||
| HbA1c, % | 1060 (100%) | − 1.59 (−1.82 to −1.37) | -0.69 (−1.01 to -0.38) | −1.13 (−1.42 to −0.83) | < 0.001 |
| Weight, kg | 1060 (100%) | −1.15 (−1.87 to −0.43) | 0.42 (−0.57 to 1.40) | −1.42 (−3.75 to 0.92) | 0.235 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 1060 (100%) | −0.45 (−0.73 to −0.16) | 0.18 (−0.20 to 0.56) | −0.73 (−1.55 to 0.09) | 0.081 |
| WC, cm | 1060 (100%) | −1.58 (−2.61 to −0.56) | −0.16 (−1.17 to 0.85) | −3.14 (−4.91 to −1.36) | 0.001 |
| SP, mmHg | 1060 (100%) | −5.35 (−7.79 to −2.92) | −1.89 (−3.93 to 0.15) | −0.92 (−3.63 to 1.79) | 0.507 |
| DP, mmHg | 1060 (100%) | −4.37 (−6.04 to −2.70) | −3.02 (−4.35 to −1.68) | 0.30(−1.28 to1.88) | 0.710 |
| TC, mmol/L | 648 (81.5%) | −0.50 (−0.74 to −0.26) | −0.17 (−0.44 to 0.09) | −0.30 (−0.58 to −0.03) | 0.032 |
| TG, mmol/L | 647 (81.4%) | −0.43 (−0.66 to −0.20) | −0.22 (−0.49 to 0.05) | −0.09 (−0.35 to0.17) | 0.492 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 646 (81.3%) | −0.17 (−0.34 to 0.00) | 0.05 (−0.12 to 0.22) | −0.25 (−0.44 to −0.07) | 0.008 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 641 (80.6%) | −0.023 (−0.14 to 0.10) | −0.02 (−0.14 to 0.09) | −0.04 (−0.17 to 0.10) | 0.612 |
| Knowledge | 1060 (100%) | 3.87 (3.44 to 4.31) | 0.42 (−0.01 to 0.85) | 3.42 (2.91 to 3.92) | < 0.001 |
| DSE | 1060 (100%) | 1.46 (1.27 to 1.66) | 0.51 (0.29 to 0.72) | 0.87 (0.67 to 1.06) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes distress | 1060 (100%) | −17.63 (−20.61 to −14.66) | −10.48 (−13.77 to −7.18) | −4.97 (−7.10 to −2.83) | < 0.001 |
| Behaviors | 1060 (100%) | 6.46 (3.87 to 9.05) | −2.48 (−5.08 to 0.13) | 10.67 (7.64 to 13.70) | < 0.001 |
Notes: N (%) of participants, the total number of the observations for participants during the 12 months; Change (95% CI), the change between 12 month and baseline in each group with consideration of the interaction of group by time; Change between groups (95% CI), the change between the groups at 12 months considering the interaction of groups by time.
Abbreviations: IG, intervention group; CG, control group; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; SP, systolic pressure; DP, diastolic pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, knowledge, diabetes knowledge; DSE, diabetes self-efficacy; Behaviors, diabetes self-management behaviors.