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. 2021 Jan 22;14:329–344. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S288500

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© 2021 Lu et al.

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Schematic representation of histone modifications in diabetic-induced fibrotic and inflammatory gene expression. High-glucose conditions cause the expression of ECM-associated genes Col1a1, CTGF, PAI-1, FN-1, Lacm1, and P21 as well as inflammatory genes TNF-α, COX-2, and MCP-1, leading to fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis in the pathogenesis of DKD. The gene expression is based on the increased active chromatin markers (H3K4me, H3K9/14ac, and H3K79me) and decreased repressive markers (H3K9me3 and H3K27me3) on the promoters of fibrotic and inflammatory genes. Under diabetic conditions (high glucose), TGF-β antibodies, some specific HDACs, TSA, and antioxidants could have renoprotective effects.