Table 2.

Summary of Studies Using ILM to Study Self-Regulation among Substance-Using Populations

A. Studies among Cigarette Smokers
	Sample	ILM Approach	Measures of Self-Regulation Strategies	Key Findings
Zeng et al. 2016 (58)	84 adult smokers interested in quitting who were receiving the smartphone app “SmartQuit” as part of a randomized trial (83), and who provided data at the 2-month follow-up	As part of the app-based intervention, participants tracked how often they used a skill each day	Single item in which individuals tracked how often each day they “let cravings pass” (i.e., mindful acceptance)	At the between-person level, a greater number of times of tracked practice of “letting cravings pass” (in total throughout the intervention) was associated with greater odds of 7-day point prevalence smoking abstinence and greater odds of having a reduction in smoking at the 2-month follow-up *Of note, both the Zeng et al. 2016 (58) and Heffner et al. 2015 (57) described below conducted secondary analyses from the same parent trial Bricker et al. 2014 (83). The analyses were conducted slightly differently in each manuscript and reveal the same substantive conclusion.
Heffner et al. 2015 (57)	76 adult smokers interested in quitting who received the smartphone app “SmartQuit” as part of a randomized trial (83), and opened the app at least once	As part of the app-based intervention,participants tracked how often they used a skill each day	Single item in which individuals tracked how often each day they “let cravings pass” (i.e., mindful acceptance)	At the between-person level, high use (i.e., above median score for number of tracked times skills was used during intervention) vs. low use of the “letting cravings pass” was associated with greater odds of 30-day point prevalence smoking abstinence at the 2-month follow-up.
Minami et al. 2011 (52)	372 adult cigarette smokers who reported at least one stressful event and coping episode. Participants in a clinical trial of bupropion SR and individual smoking cessation counseling	EMA (four to seven random surveys a day) for two weeks pre-quit and four weeks post-quit.	Single item asking participants whether they tried to cope with stress (yes or no).	At the within-person level, initial coping during the outset of a stressful episode was not associated with smoking 48 hours following a stressful episode, while total coping during a stressful episode was associated with greater risk of concurrent smoking during the 48 hours following the stressful episode.
O’Connell et al. 2007 (56)	62 adult cigarette smokers interested in quitting	Participants carried a tape recorder during their quit attempt for up to 17 days and were instructed to record info about how they coped with cravings.	Coping strategies were coded by raters from the audio-recordings. Strategies included keeping busy, food/drink, deep breathing, avoid/leave situation, movement/exercise, focusing thoughts away from smoking, encouraging/calming self-talk, think about negative effects of smoking/benefits of quitting, optimism about success in quitting.	At the within-person level, use of each strategy during a craving episode was associated with lower lapse risk, and total number of strategies during a craving episode was associated with lower lapse risk and reduction in cravings (pre-coping craving level and post-coping craving levels were recorded).
O’Connell et al. 2006 (55)	61 adult cigarette smokers interested in quitting	Participants carried a tape recorder for two weeks following a quit attempt and were instructed to record info about how they coped with cravings.	Coping strategies were coded by raters from the audio-recordings. Strategies were coded as either cognitive or behavioral strategies, or no coping.	At the within-person level, using any cognitive or behavioral strategies (relative to no coping strategies at all) was associated with lower lapse risk, and combined use of cognitive and behavioral strategies (relative to a single behavioral strategy, single cognitive strategy, or multiple behavioral strategies) was associated with lower lapse risk.
Shiffman et al. 1996 (53)	151 cigarette smokers who recently quit smoking following a cognitive-behavioral group treatment	EMA (multiple random surveys per day) for up to 23 days. Participants also asked to record episodes of temptation.	Two single items asking whether participants engaged in any cognitive or behavioral coping response during a temptation episode.	At the between-person level, participants who lapsed did not differ from participants who maintained abstinence on frequency of cognitive and behavioral coping responses during temptation episodes.
Shiffman et al. 1996 (54)	108 cigarette smokers who recently quit following a behavioral smoking cessation treatment program	EMA (five random surveys per day) for four weeks following the first 24 hours of abstinence after a quit attempt	Two single items asking whether participants engaged in any cognitive or behavioral coping response during a temptation episode.	At the within-person level, cognitive coping (but not behavioral coping) was associated with lower lapse risk during a temptation episode.
B. Studies among Individuals Using Alcohol and/or Cannabis
	Sample	ILM Approach	Measures of Self-Regulation Strategies	Key Findings
Pearson et al. 2019 (59)	43 college student marijuana users	12 consecutive days of web-based daily diaries	Abbreviated Protective Behavioral Strategies for Marijuana (PBSM)(84). Example items include: avoid using marijuana before work or school, limit the amount you smoke in one sitting.	At the within-person level, PBSM (total score) was associated with fewer marijuana use sessions and lower subjective high on a given day, but not associated with negative consequences or number of grams on a given day during the 12-week assessment period.
Linden-Carmichael et al. 2018 (61)	256 college students reporting at least one day of heavy drinking	Measurement-burst design involving 14 consecutive web-based daily diaries for each semester from Fall of first Year to Fall of fourth year. A “burst” design involves a series of “bursts” (e.g., 14-day EMA period) that are administered periodically over time, instead of continuous EMA assessment.	Abbreviated Protective Behavioral Strategies Survey (PBSS)(85) that assessed “Manner of Drinking” Strategies (avoid drinking fast, avoid drinking games, avoid shots) and “Serious Elann Reduction” Strategies (avoid serious consequences by watching drink, going home with friend, use designated driver).	At the within-person level, the use of manner of drinking and serious harm reduction strategies were associated with a lower risk of negative alcohol-related consequences, and these associations were strongest for high intensity drinking occasions (8+/10+ standard drinks for women/men).
Sell et al. 2018 (62)	69 female college students reporting heavy drinking	14 consecutive days of web-based daily diaries	Abbreviated Protective Behavioral Strategies Survey (PBSS)(85) that assessed “Manner of Drinking” Strategies and “Stopping/Limiting Drinking” Strategies. Four items from the Dating Self-Protection Against Rape Scale (DSPARS) (86) were used to measure sexual assault prevention strategies (e.g., had a trusted friend walk home with me).	At the within-person level, manner of drinking and stopping/limiting strategy use were associated with less drinking. Yet, at the within-person level, sexual assault protective strategies were associated with greater drinking, suggesting women used more sexual assault protective strategies than usual on days they drank more than usual.
Dulin & Gonzalez 2017 (68)	28 adults with alcohol use disorder participating in a trial of a smartphone-based intervention that involved momentary delivery of guidance for using coping strategies to manage cravings	During the 6-week intervention, the smartphone-based app recorded which coping strategies participants chose to use whenever they reported craving during a daily survey or self-initiated survey during a craving episode	Participants could choose among several features on the app that taught/facilitated the use of coping strategies as part of the momentary smartphone-based intervention: urge surfing, distracting activity, view reasons for change, view reminder photo related to reasons for changing, contact a support person, escape a trigger, contact a friend or family member, other non-intervention suggested strategy.	At the within-person level, relative to using a non-intervention suggested strategy, use of urge surfing, distracting activity, view reasons for change, view reminder photo related to reasons for changing, contact a support person, or escape a trigger were associated with lower risk of drinking during a craving episode.
Weiss et al. 2017 (63)	1640 college students reporting alcohol use at least twice in past month	30 consecutive days of web-based daily diaries	Single item measures of the following emotion regulation strategies: distraction (I tried to distract myself and keep my mind off of a problem), reappraisal (I tried to see the problem in a positive light), problem solving (I put aside other activities/suppressed other thoughts to focus on a problem that needed my attention), and avoidance (I avoided dealing with a situation).	At the within-person level, use of distraction, reappraisal, or problem-solving earlier in the day was associated with lower odds of marijuana use and lower odds of co-using alcohol and marijuana. At the within-person level, heavy drinking, marijuana use, or co-use of alcohol and marijuana on a given day was associated with lower odds of using problem-solving the next day. Also, at the within-person level, heavy drinking on a given day increased odds of next day avoidance, whereas use of marijuana on a given day increased odd of reappraisal the next day.
Ehrenberg et al. 2016 (64)	722 college students reporting alcohol use twice in the past month	30 consecutive days of web-based daily diaries	Drawing from the Brief COPE(87), avoidance coping was measured with two items: “I avoided dealing with a situation” and “I tried to distract myself and keep my mind off of a problem.” Approach coping was measured with two items: I actively dealt with a problem/I did what needed to be done” and I put aside/suppressed other thoughts to focus on a problem that needed my attention.”	At the within-person level, avoidance coping on a given day was associated with higher levels of drinking to cope motivation, particularly among individuals with higher aggregate negative affect. At the within-person level, neither avoidance nor active coping were associated with alcohol use.
Pearson et al. 2013 (60)	40 college students endorsing at least one alcohol-related problem in the past 90 days	15 consecutive days of web-based daily diaries	Abbreviated Protective Behavioral Strategies Survey (PBSS)(85) that assessed “Limiting/Stopping Drinking” Strategies “Manner of Drinking,” and “Serious Harm Reduction” Strategies.	At the within-person level, use of manner of drinking strategies on a given day was associated with less alcohol use, whereas serious harm reduction strategies on a given day were associated with more alcohol use and alcohol-related negative consequences.
Lewis et al. 2012 (65)	1,028 college students who recently turned 21 and reported at least some drinking	Up to 10 web-based daily diaries during 21st day birthday week	Abbreviated Protective Behavioral Strategies Survey (PBSS)(85) that assessed “Limiting/Stopping Drinking” Strategies “Manner of Drinking” Strategies, and “Serious Harm Reduction” Strategies.	At the within-person level, use of manner of drinking strategies was associated with less alcohol use and alcohol-related consequences, whereas limiting/stopping strategies and serious harm reduction strategies were associated with more alcohol use and alcohol-related consequences.
Aldrige-Gerry et al. 2011 (66)	365 college students	5 consecutive days of web-based daily diaries	Items drawn primarily from the Brief COPE (87) assessing seeking social support, problem-focused coping, minimization of stressor, emotional rumination, and religious coping	At the within-person level, seeking social support, minimization of stressor, and emotional rumination were associated with more alcohol use. At the within-person level religious coping was associated with less alcohol use among African Americans.
Litt et al. 2009 (69)	110 adults with alcohol use disorder participating in clinical trial of packaged cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or individualized CBT	A telephone-based interactive voice response (IVR) system that is programmed to call participants, ask questions, and record verbal responses. IVR prompted32 36 participants 8 times per day (quasiirandom). IVR employed 2 weeks before treatment and for 2 weeks after the 12-weeks of treatment	Single items assessing different craving-specific coping responses during craving episodes, including avoid situations, distracted self, drank something else, refused drink, sought social support, went elsewhere, thought about negative or relapse, thought about positive of sobriety, thought pleasant thoughts, prayed, told self not to drink, told self to stay sober, waited out craving, or did nothing.	Relative to participants in packaged CBT, participants in individualized CBT had higher total number of coping responses, and were more likely to report avoiding situations, distracting oneself, refusing a drink, going elsewhere, and waiting out a craving during craving episodes following treatment. Increases in total coping from pre-treatment to post-treatment was associated with greater percent days abstinent following treatment.
Park et al. 2004 (67)	137 college students	28 consecutive days of web-based daily diaries	Items adapted from the Brief COPE (87) assessing emotion approach coping (e.g., I’ve been allowing myself to express my emotions), avoidance coping (I’ve been giving up trying to deal with it), and problem-focused coping (I’ve been taking action to try to make the situation better).	At the within-person level, problem-focused coping on a given day was associated with less drinking.