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. 2020 Dec 10;41(2):898–914. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.120.315506

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© 2020 The Authors.

Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology is published on behalf of the American Heart Association, Inc., by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited, the use is noncommercial, and no modifications or adaptations are made.

This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic or until permissions are revoked in writing. Upon expiration of these permissions, PMC is granted a perpetual license to make this article available via PMC and Europe PMC, consistent with existing copyright protections.

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Figure 1. — Vascular calcification is associated with changes in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers in human vasculature. A, Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of ER stress markers in healthy, fatty streak, and calcified human aortas. ΔC_T values were calculated relative to GAPDH expression in corresponding samples. Graphs show individual data points and mean+SD, n=10 for each group, ANOVA with Tukey post hoc test (PERK [PKR (protein kinase RNA)-like ER kinase]) or Kruskal-Wallis test (ATF [activating transcription factor] 4, CHOP [C/EBP-homologous protein], ATF6, Grp78 [glucose-regulated protein, 78 kDa]) were performed. B, Immunohistochemical analysis of Grp78 and Grp94 expression in artery samples from human donors. Arrows indicate extracellular, punctate Grp78/Grp94 staining. Scale bars are 50 µm. C, Quantification of Grp78 and Grp94 expression scores. Calcification was scored based on von Kossa staining. Graphs show mean+SD and individual data points. Statistical significance between atherosclerosis plaque types and Ca²⁺ deposition groups was tested using 2-way ANOVA. Dots denote individual data points, *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.