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. 2021 Jan 27;166(3):733–753. doi: 10.1007/s00705-021-04959-6

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Fig. 1 — Pathological agents may infect the organism by different pathways, such as olfactory and gastric. These pathogens trigger a cascade of inflammatory responses (increased levels of cytokines, for example) that disrupt the BBB, activate microglia, and lead to a subsequent clustering around neuronal cells, resulting in neuronal damage.

Source: adapted from Limphaibool et al. (2019) [71]