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. 2021 Jan 22;14:175–189. doi: 10.2147/JIR.S271292

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© 2021 Khan et al.

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Crosstalk of interleukins, IL-4, IL-2, IL-6, IL-5, TNF-α, histamine and the downstream signaling pathways leading to the production of interleukins involved in mucus hypersecretion. Note: The cytokines written in red are elevated in COVID-19 patients.