Table 2.
Scores on language and cognitive measures in participants.
| Mean | SD | Range | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kanken: Kanji abilities (raw scores) | |||
| Reading accuracy | 24.33 | 3.74 | 15–30 |
| Writing accuracy | 73.47 | 24.98 | 10–102 |
| Semantic comprehension | 41.17 | 7.99 | 22–53 |
| Total score | 138.97 | 33.94 | 51–183 |
| Cognitive skills | |||
| Phonological processing | |||
| Phonological awareness (raw score) | 29.17 | 1.12 | 26–30 |
| Sound–letter decoding (raw score) | 27.73 | 2.66 | 20–30 |
| Phonological short-term memory (raw score) | 12.73 | 2.30 | 8–16 |
| Naming speed | |||
| Rapid automatized naming (s) | 69.93 | 10.58 | 53–98 |
| Letter–sound decoding (s) | 26.93 | 6.88 | 16–44 |
| Visuospatial processing | |||
| Visual attention (s) | 112.93 | 25.18 | 72–166 |
| Visual short-term memory (raw score) | 11.43 | 1.74 | 8–14 |
| Visual long-term memory (raw score) | 27.92 | 5.31 | 15–36 |
| Visuospatial perception (s) | 44.57 | 14.19 | 29–105 |
| Visuomotor processing speed (raw score) | 98.70 | 15.95 | 65–129 |
| Manual dexterity (raw score) | 13.30 | 1.78 | 10–17 |
| Syntactic processing | |||
| Syntactic processing (s) | 205.00 | 71.42 | 113–461 |
| Acquired Knowledge (WAIS-III) | 40.23 | 7.39 | 23–51 |
| Vocabulary (scaled score) | 13.50 | 2.65 | 9–19 |
| Arithmetic (scaled score) | 13.83 | 2.98 | 7–18 |
| Information (scaled score) | 12.90 | 3.17 | 4–16 |
| Idea density | 0.52 | 0.03 | 0.44–0.56 |
Note: n = 30.
SD standard deviation, Kanken Japan Kanji Aptitude Test.