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. 2021 Jan 26;12:443. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-20495-4

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — The association between childhood antibiotic use and BMI Z-scores during the first six years of life in boys (a) and girls (b). The subjects have been categorized by quartiles (Q1, median, and Q3) based on the cumulative number of antibiotic purchases at each point in time. The number of antibiotic purchases was associated with significantly higher BMI Z-scores during the first six years of life in both boys (p < 0.001) and girls (p < 0.001) in a hierarchical linear mixed model for repeated measurements adjusted for gestational age, birth weight Z-score, mode of delivery, maternal prepregnancy BMI and neonatal antibiotic exposure. The boxes represent interquartile range (IQR) and the whiskers represent 1.5 times IQR. The circles represent outliers.