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. 2021 Jan 26;12:443. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-20495-4

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — 16 S rRNA sequencing was performed to characterize bacterial changes. a, b Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) based on Weighted UniFrac and (c, d) Unweighted UniFrac distance matrices in (a, c) control (n = 20), and (b, d) antibiotic-treated (n = 13) infants after 1 (red), 6 (blue), 12 (green), and 24 (purple) months from antibiotic exposure. (e) Alpha diversity comparison based on phylogenetic diversity. Significant differences in bacterial richness between control and antibiotic-treated groups are seen at 1 (p = 0.014), 12 (p = 0.014) and 24 (p = 0.001) months following antibiotic exposure. (f) Relative taxonomic composition based on 10 most abundant genera of control and antibiotic-treated groups. (g) Relative levels of Bifidobacterium species. (h) Average log10 change in the bacteria showing significant differences between groups (p < 0.05 and FDR correction). Green values imply over-representation, and red represents under representation. (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 and ****p < 0.0001; minimum four samples in each group).