Table 1. Studies on the bioavailability of isoflavone after intakes of FS and NFS.

Subject/design	Source	Isoflavone dose	Sampling time	Blood (FS vs. NFS)	Urine (FS vs. NFS)	Ref.
11 women (PostMeno)/cross-over	Soy powder with water	FS (95% aglycone): 95 µmol	Serum: 0–24 h	Total isoflavone	Total isoflavone FS > NFS	Okabe et al. [30]
		NFS (86% glucoside): 95 µmol	Urine: 0–48 h	Cmax: 2.8 vs. 1.7 µmol/L
				AUC: 23.8 vs. 20.0 µmol/L
				Tmax: 1 vs. 5 h
12 healthy adults (75% men)/cross-over	Soymilk	FS (93% aglycone): 99.8 µmol	Serum: 0–24 h	Total isoflavone	Total isoflavone FS > NFS until 8 h	Kano et al. [31]
		NFS (99% glucoside): 101.3 µmol	Urine: 0–48 h	Cmax:2.0 vs. 1.0 µmol/L	No difference during 24 h of 48 h
				AUC: 17.3 vs. 9.6 µmol/L
				Tmax: 1 vs. 6 h
16 women (PostMeno)/cross-over	Soymilk	FS: 64, 102, 172 mg	Serum: 0–24 h	-	No difference during 24 h at any of dose and day	Tsangalis et al. [32]
		NFS: 68, 100, 169 mg	Urine: 0–24 h at day 4, 13, 14

FS, fermented soybean; NFS, non-fermented soybean; PostMeno, post menopause; C_max, maximum plasma concentration; AUC, area under the curve; T_max, time of the maximal plasma concertation.