Table 1.

Summary of telemedicine guidelines in South East Asian countries.

No.	Article Title	Author(s)	Country of origin, year	Scope/domain/element	Type of article	Main findings
1.	National Telemedicine Guidelines for Singapore	National Telemedicine Advisory Committee	Singapore, 2015	Clinical, ethical, technical, and operational aspects of telemedicine and practitioners.	Advisory guidelines	Definitions of telemedicine, consent, identification confidentiality, privacy, security, record keeping, data storage, licensing, clinical governance, ethics, legal issues, cost, user feedback, and options.
2.	Ethical code and ethical guidelines 2016 Edition	Singapore Medical Council	Singapore, 2016	Clinical, ethical, technical, and operational aspects of telemedicine and health practitioners.	Advisory guidelines	Guideline on “remote consultation” (telemedicine) for initial and continuing care consultations, confidentiality, identification, record-keeping, international service, licensing, fees, and clinical governance.
3.	Ethical code and ethical guidelines 2002	Singapore Medical Council	Singapore, 2002	Clinical, ethical, technical, and operational aspects of telemedicine and health practitioners.	Advisory guidelines	Guideline on remote initial consultations and remote consultations (telemedicine) in continuing care, confidentiality, identification, record-keeping, licensing, and clinical governance.
4.	Health care Services Act (HCSA)	Ministry of Health, Singapore	Singapore, 2021–2022	Clinical, ethical, and legal aspects of telemedicine licensing, technical, and operational standards.	Act	Licensing, ethics, quality assurance, and clinical governance of health-care service providers (Principal Officer and Clinical Governance Officer).
5.	Regulatory Guideline for Telehealth Products	Medical Devices Branch, Health Sciences Authority	Singapore, 2019	Clinical, ethical, legal, technical, and operational standards of telehealth products.	Policy statement/guidelines	Definition of telehealth, telehealth product licensing, clinical governance, and infrastructure.
6.	Layanan Telemedis di Indonesia: Keniscayaan, Risiko, dan Batasan Etika	Prawiroharjo P., Pratana P., and Librianty N.	Jakarta, Indonesia, 2019	Clinical, ethical, legal, technical, and operational aspects of telemedicine and health practitioners.	Review article	Clinical governance, ethics, confidentiality, security, privacy, legal, cost, data storage, record keeping, and infrastructure.
7.	Kebijakan Pengembangan Tele-Medisin Di Indonesia	Bernhard HS	Jakarta, Indonesia, 2015	Clinical, ethical, legal, technical, and operational aspects of telemedicine and health practitioners.	Review article	Confidentiality, record keeping, data storage, clinical governance, ethics, legal issues, human resource, infrastructure, international service, spectrum of telemedicine services, and cost.
8.	Peraturan Konsil Kedokteran Indonesia Nomor 74 Tahun 2020 Tentang Kewenangan Klinis dan Praktik Kedokteran Melalui Telemedicine Pada Masa Pandemi Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) di Indonesia	Supriyanto B. and Ekatjahjana W. Indonesian Medical Council	Indonesia, 2020	Clinical, ethical, technical, and operational aspects of tele-consultation and tele-practice.	Advisory guidelines	Definitions, consent, clinical governance, ethics, confidentiality, record keeping, data storage in medical and health facilities (Fasyankes), imbursement, and prohibitions.
9.	Permenkes No. 20 Tahun 2019 tentang Penyelenggaraan Telemedicine antar Fasilitas Pelayanan Kesehatan	Moeloek NF and Ekatjahjana W. Ministry of Health, Republic of Indonesia	Indonesia, 2019	Clinical, technical, and operational aspects of telemedicine services.	Advisory guidelines	List of definitions related to telemedicine, diagnostics, record keeping, infrastructure and Apps licensing, human resource, leadership, ethics, identification, consent, confidentiality, clinical governance, task of health-care facilities that provide telemedicine, cost, reimbursement, and funding regulation in Indonesia.
10.	Peraturan Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Nomor 8 Tahun 2020 Tentang Pengawasan Obat dan Makanan Yang Diedarkan Secara Daring	Ministry of Health, Indonesia	Indonesia, 2020	Clinical, ethical, legal, technical, and operational aspects of tele-pharmacy.	Policy statement/guidelines	Definition, privacy, confidentiality, consent, identification, clinical governance, ICT infrastructure, ethics, legal, licensing, and mHealth.
11.	Kajian Tekno-Ekonomi pada Telehealth di Indonesia (Techno-Economic Study on Telehealth in Indonesia)	Sri A and Kautsarina	Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia, 2017	Clinical, technical, and operational aspects of telemedicine.	Review article	Capital and operational expenditures of telehealth programs, definition, infrastructure, clinical governance, record keeping, and data storage.
12.	Overview of Telemedicine Activities in Indonesia: progress and constraints	Andriyan B. S., Sastro-kusumo U., Tati L.R. et al.	Bandung, Indonesia, 2004	Clinical, technical, and operational aspects of telemedicine.	Review article	History, present, and development of telemedicine in Indonesia, international service, and parties involved in telemedicine.
13.	Surat Edaran Nomor HK.02.01/Menkes/303/2020 Tentang Penyelenggaraan Pelayanan Kesehatan Melalui Pemanfaatan Teknologi Informasi Dan Komunikasi Dalam Rangka Pengahan Penyebaran Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19)	Ministry of Health, Indonesia	Indonesia, 2020	Clinical, ethical, technical, and operational aspects of telemedicine and health practitioners.	Circular/guidelines	Definitions, clinical governance, privacy, security, record keeping, infrastructure, ethics, and cost.
14.	Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 11 of 2008 Concerning Electronic Information and Transactions Undang-undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 Tentang Informasi Dan Transaksi Elektronik.	Ministry of Law and Human Rights, Indonesia	Indonesia, 2008	Legal, technical and operational aspects of information and electronic transactions.	Act	Definitions, governance, security, record keeping, storage, distribution, infrastructure, legal
15.	Malaysian Medical Council Advisory on Virtual Consultation (during the Covid-19 pandemic)	Malaysian Medical Council	Malaysia, 2020	Clinical, ethical, legal, technical, and operational aspects of telemedicine and health practitioners.	Advisory guidelines	Definition of “virtual consultation” (telemedicine), ethics, patient and health-care practitioner identification, consent, ethics, clinical governance, and legal.
16.	Telemedicine Flagship Application: Malaysia's Telemedicine Blueprint Leading Healthcare into the Information Age	Ministry of Health, Malaysia	Malaysia, 1997	Clinical, legal, technical, and operational aspects of telemedicine.	Policy statement	List of definitions and applications of telemedicine, infrastructure, data storage, record-keeping, legal, and cost.
17.	HIMS Blueprint – toward excellence in Health Information Management	Health Informatics Center, Planning Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia	Malaysia, 2013	Technical and operational aspects of telemedicine (Health Information Management and Support Services) in MoH and related agencies.	Policy statement	Confidentiality and privacy, security and data protection, consent, user access, role of stakeholders, infrastructure support, health informatics standards, capacity, and capability building.
18.	Telemedicine Act 564	Ministry of Health, Malaysia	Malaysia, 1997	Clinical, ethical, legal, technical, and operational aspects of telemedicine and health practitioners.	Act	Definitions of telemedicine and health-care practitioners, confidentiality, identification, record keeping, data storage, international service, ethics, and legal issues.
19.	Medical Device Act (737) 2012	Medical Device Authority, Malaysia	Malaysia, 2012	Clinical, legal, technical, and operational aspects of medical devices.	Act	Definition and classification of medical device, therapeutic and diagnostic digital applications and data, clinical governance, licensing, maintenance, legal issues, and fees.
20.	Medical Device Authority Act (738) 2012	Medical Device Authority, Malaysia	Malaysia, 2012	Clinical, legal, technical, and operational aspects of control and regulation of all matters relating to the medical device, the industry, and its activities.	Act	Clinical governance, licensing, infrastructure, research, and training, legal and funding issues.
21.	Laws of Malaysia Act 588 Communications and Multimedia Act 1998	Ministry of Multimedia and Communication, Malaysia	Malaysia, 1998	Legal and technical aspects of information sharing on the internet.	Act	Governance, infrastructure, licensing, legal, and intellectual property.
22.	eHealth Strategy, Ministry of Public Health (2017–2026)	Ministry of Public Health, Thailand	Thailand, 2017	Clinical, technical, and operational aspects of telemedicine and health innovation.	Policy statement	Definitions and benefits of eHealth; electronic health record and eHealth uptake; ICT and telemedicine infrastructure and readiness; and 5-year eHealth action plan compliant with the digital economy.
23.	Ethics, social medical and e-health in Thailand	Suttisak J.	Thailand, 2015	Clinical, ethical, legal, technical, and operational aspects of telemedicine and social media.	Literature review	Definitions, social media Apps, privacy, security, confidentiality, identification, legal, ethics, record keeping, storage, clinical governance, infrastructure.
24.	Regulating the management of Distance Medicine (Circular No. 49/2017/TT-BYT dated December 28, 2017 on telemedicine)	Ministry of Health, Vietnam	Vietnam, 2017	Clinical, ethical, legal, technical and operational aspects of distance medicine within Vietnam and Vietnamese medical facilities from abroad	Circular/ guidelines	Definition of “distant medicine” (telemedicine), confidentiality, ethics, data storage, clinical governance, licensing, infrastructure, cost, and international service. Distance medicine activities may only occur at licensed facilities; storage and compression of images must be on a 4 Mbps or faster line.