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. 2021 Jan 13;14:604583. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2020.604583

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Copyright © 2021 Castillo-Rolón, Ramírez-Sánchez, Arenas-López, Garduño, Hernández-González, Mihailescu and Hernández-López.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Nicotine action mechanisms are presynaptic. (A) Time-frequency histogram showing the time course of nicotine effect with BAPTA in the recording pipette (n = 5). (B) Time-frequency histogram showing the time course of nicotine effect in the presence of the membrane permeable BAPTA-AM (10 mM) added in the bath solution (n = 6). (C) Bar graph illustrating a summary of the data (Mann–Whitney U-test). (D) Voltage-clamp recordings of currents after local application of “puffs” of ACh (1 mM) onto a RMTg (left) or a VTA neuron (right). These experiments were made in the presence of atropine (5 μM) and TTX (500 nM). **p < 0.01.