Table 1. Baseline characteristics of study participants according to the HDL-C categories.
| Characteristics | HDL-C (mg/dL) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <30 | 30–39 | 40–49 | 50–59 | 60–69 | 70–79 | 80–89 | ≥90 | ||
| Men | |||||||||
| No. | 1,817 | 22,010 | 56,703 | 50,826 | 27,985 | 11,113 | 3,797 | 1,992 | |
| Age (yr) | 59.4 ± 9.0 | 58.2 ± 8.6 | 57.7 ± 8.4 | 57.5 ± 8.3 | 57.8 ± 8.4 | 57.9 ± 8.4 | 58.1 ± 8.6 | 58.1 ± 8.3 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.9 ± 2.8 | 24.9 ± 2.7 | 24.5 ± 2.7 | 24.1 ± 2.7 | 23.5 ± 2.8 | 23.1 ± 2.8 | 22.8 ± 2.8 | 22.4 ± 2.9 | |
| WC (cm) | 87.1 ± 7.3 | 86.8 ± 7.0 | 85.6 ± 7.1 | 84.3 ± 7.3 | 83.0 ± 7.4 | 81.9 ± 7.5 | 81.3 ± 7.6 | 80.6 ± 7.9 | |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 126.4 ± 14.6 | 126.3 ± 14.5 | 126.1 ± 14.5 | 126.4 ± 14.8 | 126.5 ± 15.1 | 126.8 ± 15.3 | 127.1 ± 15.0 | 127.8 ± 15.5 | |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 78.4 ± 9.9 | 78.6 ± 9.8 | 78.7 ± 9.7 | 78.9 ± 9.9 | 78.8 ± 9.9 | 79.1 ± 10.1 | 79.3 ± 9.9 | 79.5 ± 9.9 | |
| FBG (mg/dL) | 107.7 ± 34.5 | 105.2 ± 29.8 | 103.9 ± 27.7 | 102.9 ± 26.1 | 102.1 ± 25.2 | 101.8 ± 25.2 | 102.8 ± 27.2 | 101.5 ± 27.1 | |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 169.4 ± 38.5 | 183.9 ± 36.0 | 192.7 ± 35.4 | 198.8 ± 35.2 | 202.4 ± 35.4 | 207.0 ± 35.9 | 211.2 ± 37.1 | 215.9 ± 36.5 | |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 199 (137–287) | 170 (120–240) | 139 (100–197) | 118 (85–167) | 104 (75–146) | 95 (68–133) | 88 (64–126) | 84 (60–119.5) | |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 25.2 ± 3.6 | 34.9 ± 2.6 | 43.7 ± 2.8 | 53.1 ± 2.8 | 62.8 ± 2.8 | 72.6 ± 2.8 | 82.7 ± 2.8 | 99.2 ± 12.8 | |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 96.6 ± 37.3 | 109.8 ± 36.7 | 116.7 ± 35.1 | 118.2 ± 35.6 | 115.3 ± 37.1 | 112.0 ± 34.8 | 107.6 ± 35.1 | 97.3 ± 44.3 | |
| Current smoker | 705 (38.8) | 7,667 (34.8) | 18,182 (32.1) | 15,190 (29.9) | 8,286 (29.6) | 3,236 (29.1) | 1,114 (29.3) | 636 (31.9) | |
| Alcohol (≥30 g/day) | 105 (5.8) | 1,259 (5.7) | 4,116 (7.3) | 4,605 (9.1) | 3,010 (10.8) | 1,337 (12.0) | 536 (14.1) | 283 (14.2) | |
| Regular exercise | 367 (20.2) | 4,858 (22.1) | 13,592 (24.0) | 12,821 (25.2) | 7,447 (26.6) | 3,148 (28.3) | 1,047 (27.6) | 571 (28.7) | |
| Household income (lower 25%) | 138 (7.6) | 1,392 (6.3) | 3,459 (6.1) | 2,914 (5.7) | 1,771 (6.3) | 718 (6.5) | 251 (6.6) | 140 (7.0) | |
| Diabetes | 456 (25.1) | 4,503 (20.5) | 9,534 (16.8) | 7,297 (14.4) | 3,611 (12.9) | 1,300 (11.7) | 468 (12.3) | 226 (11.4) | |
| Hypertension | 908 (50.0) | 10,204 (46.4) | 24,404 (43.0) | 20,866 (41.1) | 11,053 (39.5) | 4,398 (39.6) | 1,497 (39.4) | 785 (39.4) | |
| Dyslipidemia | 292 (16.1) | 4,018 (18.3) | 11,578 (20.4) | 11,360 (22.4) | 6,626 (23.7) | 2,878 (25.9) | 1,097 (28.9) | 623 (31.3) | |
| On lipid-lowering agent | 242 (13.3) | 3,008 (13.7) | 7,627 (13.5) | 6,697 (13.2) | 3,577 (12.8) | 1,441 (13.0) | 514 (13.5) | 244 (12.3) | |
| Metabolic syndrome | 1,483 (81.6) | 16,936 (77.0) | 29,628 (52.3) | 21,817 (42.9) | 10,805 (38.6) | 3,997 (36.0) | 1,354 (35.7) | 686 (34.4) | |
| Women | |||||||||
| Number | 878 | 10,976 | 38,416 | 51,713 | 37,373 | 17,729 | 6,946 | 3,413 | |
| Age (yr) | 63.9 ± 9.7 | 62.4 ± 9.6 | 61.1 ± 9.2 | 59.8 ± 9.0 | 58.9 ± 8.9 | 58.0 ± 8.6 | 57.7 ± 8.4 | 57.5 ± 8.6 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.7 ± 3.1 | 24.6 ± 3.0 | 24.4 ± 3.1 | 24.1 ± 3.0 | 23.7 ± 3.1 | 23.3 ± 3.0 | 23.0 ± 3.0 | 22.8 ± 3.0 | |
| WC (cm) | 82.1 ± 7.9 | 81.3 ± 7.9 | 80.6 ± 8.0 | 79.4 ± 8.0 | 78.1 ± 8.1 | 77.0 ± 8.2 | 76.1 ± 8.2 | 75.6 ± 8.4 | |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 126.4 ± 16.4 | 125.9 ± 15.9 | 125.3 ± 15.9 | 124.3 ± 15.8 | 123.4 ± 15.6 | 122.9 ± 16.0 | 122.6 ± 15.4 | 122.7 ± 15.5 | |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 77.2 ± 10.3 | 76.9 ± 9.9 | 76.7 ± 10.0 | 76.2 ± 10.0 | 75.9 ± 9.9 | 75.9 ± 10.1 | 75.8 ± 10.1 | 76.0 ± 10.2 | |
| FBG (mg/dL) | 103.2 ± 34.3 | 101.7 ± 27.7 | 100.0 ± 24.5 | 98.3 ± 22.2 | 97.2 ± 20.9 | 96.3 ± 19.6 | 95.9 ± 19.8 | 96.5 ± 21.2 | |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 176.8 ± 42.2 | 188.6 ± 37.9 | 198.7 ± 37.4 | 204.9 ± 37.1 | 210.3 ± 36.7 | 216.5 ± 37.0 | 221.4 ± 36.2 | 228.8 ± 39.0 | |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 182.5 (123–260) | 162 (113–228) | 134 (97–185) | 111 (82–151) | 97 (72–131) | 86 (64–117) | 80 (60–108) | 77 (57–106) | |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 25.1 ± 4.0 | 35.0 ± 2.5 | 44.0 ± 2.8 | 53.4 ± 2.8 | 63.0 ± 2.8 | 72.8 ± 2.8 | 82.6 ± 2.8 | 97.9 ± 10.9 | |
| LDL-C(mg/dL) | 108.6 ± 43.5 | 116.9 ± 37.7 | 124.3 ± 36.1 | 126.4 ± 37.0 | 125.5 ± 36.6 | 123.9 ± 35.5 | 120.4 ± 34.6 | 113.4 ± 42.6 | |
| Current smoker | 22 (2.5) | 248 (2.3) | 700 (1.8) | 854 (1.7) | 585 (1.6) | 260 (1.5) | 97 (1.4) | 69 (2.0) | |
| Alcohol (≥30 g/day) | 1 (0.1) | 14 (0.1) | 47 (0.1) | 115 (0.2) | 107 (0.3) | 65 (0.4) | 38 (0.6) | 34 (1.0) | |
| Regular exercise | 133 (15.2) | 1,701 (15.5) | 6,629 (17.3) | 9,532 (18.4) | 7,293 (19.5) | 3,690 (20.8) | 1,462 (21.1) | 765 (22.4) | |
| Household income (lower 25%) | 99 (11.3) | 1,149 (10.5) | 3,974 (10.3) | 5,225 (10.1) | 3,879 (10.4) | 1,818 (10.3) | 770 (11.1) | 397 (11.6) | |
| Diabetes | 191 (21.8) | 2,031 (18.5) | 5,532 (14.4) | 5,786 (11.2) | 3,383 (9.1) | 1,297 (7.3) | 463 (6.7) | 240 (7.0) | |
| Hypertension | 483 (55.0) | 5,719 (52.1) | 17,920 (46.7) | 21,473 (41.5) | 13,833 (37.0) | 6,082 (34.3) | 2,286 (32.9) | 1,113 (32.6) | |
| Dyslipidemia | 192 (21.9) | 2,721 (24.8) | 10,817 (28.2) | 15,890 (30.7) | 12,187 (32.6) | 6,339 (35.8) | 2,724 (39.2) | 1,539 (45.1) | |
| On lipid-lowering agent | 155 (17.7) | 2,134 (19.4) | 7,730 (20.1) | 10,395 (20.1) | 7,401 (19.8) | 3,477 (19.6) | 1,432 (20.6) | 741 (21.7) | |
| Metabolic syndrome | 707 (80.5) | 8,326 (75.9) | 26,733 (69.6) | 26,280 (50.8) | 16,127 (43.2) | 7,052 (39.8) | 2,706 (39.0) | 1,398 (41.0) | |
Values are mean±standard deviation, %, or median (interquartile range).
HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; FBG, fasting blood glucose; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; BP, blood pressure.