TABLE 1.
Characteristics of the field soils (A) and physicochemical parameters of bulk soils (B).
|
HUB-LTE |
DOK-LTE |
|||
| HU-org | HU-min | BIODYN2 | CONMIN | |
| A. Experimental soil and cultivation characteristics1,2 | ||||
| Fertilization management | Composted farmyard manure, K as Patentkali, liming as CaCO3-MgCO3 | Standard practice of mineral fertilizer (NPK)5, liming as CaCO3-MgCO3 | Composted farmyard manure (1.4 livestock unit (LU) ha–1 year–1), biodynamic preparations3 | Standard practice of mineral fertilizer (NPK)4 |
| Soil management | Tillage | Tillage | Tillage | Tillage |
| Crop protection | No pesticides, mechanical weed control | Mechanical weed control with chemical pesticides application | Mechanical weed control, plant extracts and biodynamic preparations, biocontrol (Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.) | Mechanical weed control with herbicide and chemical pesticides application |
| Soil type | Retisol (loamy sand) | Haplic Luvisol (silty loam) | ||
| Soil texture (0-30 cm) | ||||
| Clay (<2 μm) [%] | 3 | 15 | ||
| Silt (2–63 μm) (%) | 14 | 70 | ||
| Sand (63–2,000 μm) (%) | 83 | 15 | ||
| The soils were obtained in 2016 from two long-term field experiments (LTEs) located at different field sites (DOK-LTE in Therwil, Switzerland; HUB-LTE in Thyrow, Germany) and incubated together with planted soils under the same growth chamber conditions. Data represent means ± standard errors of four independent replicates. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between organic vs. mineral fertilization tested separately for the sites DOK-LTE and HUB-LTE by t-test, p ≤ 0.05. 1Department of Soil Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Frick, Switzerland; 2Experiment Thy_ABS “Cropping Systems” in Thyrow, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; 3Hartmann et al., 2014; 4Mäder et al., 2002, quantities for NPK fertilizer in CONMIN: Nitrogen soluble (kg N ha–1 year–1) 125, Phosphorus (kg P ha–1 year–1) 42, Potassium (kg K ha–1 year–1) 253. 5Quantities for NPK fertilizer in HU-min: Nitrogen soluble (kg N ha–1 year–1) 128, Phosphorus (kg P ha–1 year–1) 21, Potassium (kg K ha–1 year–1) 128. | ||||
|
HUB-LTE |
DOK-LTE |
|||
| HU-org | HU-min | BIODYN2 | CONMIN | |
| B. Physicochemical parameters – Bulk soil | ||||
| pH (CaCl2) | 6.50 ± 0.12 a | 6.54 ± 0.04 a | 6.68 ± 0.02 a | 6.30 ± 0.03 b |
| Corg (%) | 0.81 ± 0.01 a | 0.77 ± 0.01 a | 1.72 ± 0.01 a | 1.42 ± 0.01 b |
| Cmic (μg g–1) | 103.23 ± 7.83 a | 95.48 ± 10.45 a | 446.97 ± 22.17 a | 327.86 ± 1.53 a |
| C/N | 9.16 ± 0.56 a | 9.63 ± 0.65 a | 8.06 ± 0.19 a | 7.64 ± 0.23 a |
| Electrical conductivity (EC) (μS cm–1) | 357.60 ± 29.01 a | 356.87 ± 46.94 a | 442.00 ± 40.57 a | 443.90 ± 51.63 a |
| (mg kg–1 soil) | ||||
| C total | 8197.89 ± 18.41 a | 7793.92 ± 7.59 a | 17836.47 ± 4.41 a | 14563.65 ± 4.34 b |
| N total | 906.94 ± 5.44 a | 821.70 ± 4.70 a | 2217.17 ± 5.09 a | 1912.11 ± 5.54 b |
| NO3–-N | 362.01 ± 8.55 a | 249.66 ± 6.60 a | 442.55 ± 14.46 a | 321.75 ± 8.91 a |
| DL P | 92.90 ± 0.09 b | 102.95 ± 0.17 a | 26.32 ± 0.03 b | 37.10 ± 0.03 a |
| DL K | 75.778 ± 0.25 b | 124.80 ± 0.96 a | 96.30 ± 0.38 a | 81.62 ± 0.29 b |
| Mg | 71.33 ± 0.68 a | 72.59 ± 0.23 a | 153.34 ± 0.61 b | 218.87 ± 0.54 a |
| Na | 53.54 ± 1.27 a | 32.72 ± 0.32 a | 45.78 ± 0.28 b | 136.00 ± 0.47 a |
| Cu | 1.99 ± 0.00 a | 1.81 ± 0.00 b | 4.96 ± 0.01 b | 5.81 ± 0.00 a |
| Fe | 189.20 ± 0.25 a | 190.80 ± 0.22 a | 201.80 ± 0.21 b | 214.00 ± 0.26 a |
| Mn | 51.02 ± 0.12 a | 49.60 ± 0.09 a | 253.60 ± 0.63 a | 240.40 ± 0.83 a |
| Zn | 5.59 ± 0.01 a | 5.54 ± 0.01 a | 5.87 ± 0.01 a | 3.45 ± 0.00 b |
| Corg, organic carbon; Cmic, microbial carbon; DL P and DL K, double-lactate extraction for P and K, (VDLUFA, 2020). | ||||