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. 2021 Jan 13;14:601939. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.601939

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Chronic stress leads to reduced sensitivity of the negative feedback system that governs the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The loss of this negative feedback system is due to an increased level of circulating glucocorticoids (GCs). HPA axis dysregulation results in downstream physiological consequences, increasing risk for immune system dysfunction, mood disorders, metabolic disease, and cardiovascular disease.