Table 3.

Potential Strategies for Control of Diabetes-Associated Tuberculosis.

Strategy	Pro	Con
DM screening among TB patients	Possible improvement of individual patient outcome	No expected population impact
Better management of combined TB and DM	Possible improvement of individual patient outcome	No expected population impact
A more effective TB vaccine	Massive impact, also beyond DM-associated TB	Not available yet
Better DM management	Massive impact on all DM complications and mortality, especially related to cardiovascular disease	Challenging, especially in low-resource settings
TB preventive therapy for people with DM and LTBI	Projected reduction of individual TB risk, with significant population impact in terms of TB control	No evidence from phase 3 trials yet
Prevent diabetes incidence	Potentially massive impact on population health, CVD risk and saving substantial health care resources	Requires substantial shift in population diet and reductions in obesity. Limited evidence how to scale up to whole populations in LMIC

DM, diabetes; LTBI, latent tuberculosis infection; CVD, cardiovascular disease.