Table 4.

Some Outstanding Clinical and Population Health Questions Related to Diabetes-Associated TB.

Are there any differences in risk of TB disease or treatment outcomes between people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

Is intermediate hyperglycaemia (“pre-diabetes”) a risk for TB disease and death?

Does diabetes (type 1, type 2) or intermediate hyperglycaemia affect the risk of LTBI?

What are the costs, risks/benefits of preventive therapy for LTBI, for individuals and populations?

How can health systems be organised to strengthen multi-morbidity care and prevention, e.g., through strengthening of primary care?

How should routine medications to reduce CVD risk be used in patients with TB and DM, and when should they be introduced?

Which anti-DM medications should be used in TB patients? How and when should they be introduced and adjusted for dose?

Should TB treatment be intensified or prolonged in people with diabetes?

How can smoking cessation/relapse prevention interventions be incorporated into TB-DM management?

Do TB survivors with diabetes face long term sequelae and higher risks, even after successful treatment completion (e.g., TB recurrence, cardiovascular or pulmonary disease or poor quality of life/disability)? How should they be followed up after completion of treatment?

How can the TB community advocate for investment in diabetes prevention and management?