AD diagnosis predicted an increased risk of COVID-19 mortality and infection. Odds ratios and their respective 95% CIs for the relationship between individual-level characteristics and COVID-19 cases (A) or deaths (B). For simplicity, characteristics were subgrouped into three categories, namely, ‘comorbidities’, ‘other risk factors’ and ‘socio-economic’. Red indicates significant associations (p ≤ 0.05), while grey indicates a lack of significance (p > 0.05). The odds ratios for education levels are relative to A-levels. NVQ/HND/HNC, participants who received vocational qualifications such as National Vocational Qualifications (NVQ), Higher National Certificate (HNC) or Higher National Diploma (HND); CSEs, participants with a Certificate of Secondary Education (CSEs); O-levels/GCSEs, participants with either a General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) or a General Certificate of Education (GCE) Ordinary Level (O-levels), a secondary school leaving qualification. The numeric values of this figure are shown in Supplementary Tables S5 and S7.