. 2021 Jan 27;129(1):017006. doi: 10.1289/EHP7495

Table 2.

Effect estimates of HOLC grade on 2010 NDVI from targeted minimum-loss–based estimation.

Data	Data description	B vs. A	C vs. B	D vs. C
Better HOLC grade	$N$ (% of eligible polygons)^a	380 (86.6)	950 (91.1)	1,536 (93.8)
Worse HOLC grade	$N$ (% of eligible polygons)^a	964 (92.5)	1,484 (90.7)	857 (83.9)
Average annual 2010 NDVI	TMLE estimate (95% CI)	$- 0.035$ ( $- 0.041$ , $- 0.029$ )	$- 0.022$ ( $- 0.028$ , $- 0.017$ )	$- 0.022$ ( $- 0.035$ , $- 0.010$ )
Average summer 2010 NDVI	TMLE estimate (95% CI)	$- 0.035$ ( $- 0.042$ , $- 0.029$ )	$- 0.026$ ( $- 0.033$ , $- 0.020$ )	$- 0.030$ ( $- 0.047$ , $- 0.013$ )

Note: Separate propensity score analyses were conducted to produce data sets for B vs. A, C vs. B, and D vs. C TMLE analyses. Models were adjusted for percentage of non-White residents, Black residents, foreign-born residents, number of people per unit, median home value, percentage of homes needing major repairs, percentage of employed residents, percentage of homes without a radio, percentage of residents who completed high school, census region, ecoregion, and population density. Estimates represent the additive treatment effect. Negative values indicate a decrement in NDVI attributable to worse HOLC grade assignment. CI, confidence interval; HOLC, Home Owners’ Loan Corporation; NDVI, normalized difference vegetation index; TMLE, minimum-loss based estimation.

^{^a}

Eligible polygons included any HOLC polygon of equal HOLC grade that had $> 0 %$ spatial overlap with a 1940s census tract and had at least 1 home in the HOLC polygon.