Table 3.

Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis of factors associated with self-reported behavior changes following the emergence of illicit fentanyl among PWUD in Vancouver, BC from December 2016-May 2017 (n = 999)

Characteristic	Odds Ratio
	Unadjusted (95% CI)	Adjusted (95% CI)
Age	0.99 (0.98–1.00)
Male	0.70 (0.54–0.91)	0.76 (0.56–1.02)
White	1.11 (0.86–1.43)
≥High school education	1.12 (0.86–1.45)
Homelessness*	1.42 (1.02–1.96)	1.26 (0.87–1.82)
In a stable relationship*#	0.87 (0.66–1.14)
Injection Drug use*	3.41 (2.53–4.65)	1.96 (1.37–2.80)
Daily prescription opioid*†	2.01 (0.93–4.42)
Daily heroin use*†	1.91 (1.42–2.55)	0.89 (0.62–1.28)
Daily cocaine use*†	1.93 (1.07–3.54)	1.48 (0.77–2.84)
Daily meth use*†	1.11 (0.78–1.55)
Daily crack use*†	1.18 (0.74–1.87)
Exclusive stimulant use*†	0.47 (0.35–0.63)	0.83 (0.58–1.20)
Daily heroin & alcohol use*†	1.85 (0.61–5.79)
Daily heroin &benzodiazepine use*†	2.11 (0.46–10.76)
Daily heroin and stimulant use*†	1.47 (0.93–2.33)
Daily alcohol use*	0.66 (0.40–1.05)
Daily benzodiazepine use*†	1.68 (0.96–2.97)
UDS positive for fentanyl	2.47 (1.89–3.24)	1.45 (1.04–2.03)
Overdose*	3.10 (2.21–4.38)	2.28 (1.56–3.33)
Opioid agonist therapy*	2.22 (1.71–2.89)	1.80 (1.34–2.43)
Ever been diagnosed with mental health disorder	1.21 (0.92–1.60)

Group 1: no drug use behavior change; Group 2: drug use behaviors change;

^*Denotes activities in the previous six months.

^†Refers to any route of consumption (i.e., sniffing, snorting, smoking or injecting)

^#Legally married/common law/regular partner; UDS: urine drug screen, PWUD: people who use drugs; IQR: interquartile range, CI: Confidence Interval