TABLE 2.
Summary of composites based on AM.
| Author, year | Therapeutic goal | Experimental settings (target tissue/cells) | Secondary biomaterial | Conclusion | References |
| Uchino, 2006 | Artificial cornea scaffold | In vitro (rabbit corneal epithelium) | PVA | PVA-AM is a biocompatible hybrid material for keratoprosthesis | Uchino et al., 2007 |
| Jiang, 2007 | Intravascular stent | _ | SS stent | AM is an excellent elastic material for stent covering and has a good blood compatibility | Jiang et al., 2007 |
| Sekiyama, 2007 | Ocular surface reconstruction | In vivo (rabbit) | FG | FG-coated AM retains most of the biological characteristics of freeze-dried AM and is a safe, simple, and useful transplant for ocular surface reconstruction | Sekiyama et al., 2007 |
| Singh, 2008 | Burn dressing | _ | Silver | Deposition of silver particles on AM results in the formation of an antibacterial barrier with controlled release of moisture vapor and a high absorption capacity | Murphy et al., 2019 |
| Washburn, 2010 | Abdominal adhesion prevention | In vivo (Sprague Dawley rat) | Halofuginone and chitosan | AM coated with halofuginone alone or in combination with chitosan resulted in lower adhesion rate | Washburn et al., 2010 |
| Adamowicz, 2015 | Reconstructive urology | In vitro and in vivo (MSC and Wistar rats) | PLCL | Frozen AM sandwiched between two layers of electrospun PLCL can support urothelial cells and SMC regeneration and is suitable for reconstruction of the urinary bladder wall | Adamowicz et al., 2016 |
| Cai, 2015 | Ocular surface reconstruction | In vivo (rabbit) | FG | FG-double-layered AMT has excellent stability and short operating time and promotes a stable and rapid reconstruction of the ocular surface | Cai et al., 2015 |
| Hortensius, 2016 | Tendon regeneration | In vitro (equine tenocytes) | CG | Incorporation of dAM into CG-based scaffold results in a modified inflammatory response of the target tissue | Hortensius et al., 2016 |
| Najibpour, 2016 | Abdominal hernias | In vivo (Dutch white rabbits) | PP mesh | Addition of AM to PP mesh results in less adhesion and inflammation, higher epithelialization, and wound healing improvement | Najibpour et al., 2016 |
| Mandal, 2017 | Ocular surface | In vitro (3T3 and (HEK)-293) | Clavanin A | A-coated dAM reduces biofilm formation while has no significant cytotoxicity | Singh et al., 2008 |
| Becker, 2018 | Cardiac TE | In vitro (human cardiac fibroblasts, epicardial progenitor cells, murine HL- cells, and human immune cells) | hcECM | Cell adhesion, proliferation, and viability of dAM increased after it was coated with hcECM and less inflammatory response was observed | Becker et al., 2018 |
| Hortensius, 2018 | Tendon regeneration | In vitro (MSC) | Collagen scaffold | The addition of dAM to collagen-based scaffolds as bulk incorporation or a membrane wrap results in a biomaterial with both a tendon-mimicking structure and an immunomodulatory effect | Hortensius et al., 2018 |
| Liu, 2018 | LSC deficiency | In vitro (primary rabbit LSCs and bone-mouse marrow-derived macrophages) | Polymeric fiber mesh | The composite membrane based on lyophilized dAM and nanofiber mesh offers superior mechanical features as well as necessary biochemical cues for LSC attachment, growth, and maintenance | Fard et al., 2018 |
| Rashid, 2018 | Abdominal wall hernias | In vivo (Wistar albino rats) | PEG+PP mesh | Coverage of PP mesh with BAM and 5% PEG results in the lowest adhesion percentage | Rashid et al., 2018 |
| Soylu, 2018 | Abdominal wall defect | In vivo (Wistar albino rats) | PP mesh | Addition of AM to PP mesh results in less intra-abdominal adhesions, less inflammation, and higher epithelialization | Soylu et al., 2018 |
| Aslani, 2019 | Vascular tissue engineering | In vitro (HUVEC and MSC) | PLLA-ASA | AM-coated ASA-loaded aligned electrospun scaffold supports endothelial differentiation and provides superior biocompatibility with appropriate signals needed by EC | Aslani et al., 2019 |
| Gholipourmalekabadi, 2019 | Modulation of hypertrophic scar formation | In vitro and in vivo (human ADSCs, rabbit ear model) | Silk fibroin | AM/silk minimizes the post-injury hypertrophic scar formation through decreasing the collagen deposition and increasing MMP1 expression and deposition | Gholipourmalekabadi et al., 2019b |
| Ramakrishnan, 2019 | Wound healing | In vitro (dermal fibroblasts) | PLGC+PEG+ SNP+fibrin | Combination of AM-F-PLGC-SNP can be advantageous not only for wound coverage but also for skin tissue regeneration | Ramakrishnan et al., 2019 |
| Zhang, 2019 | Oral defects | In vitro and in vivo (human fibroblasts, CAM assay, New Zealand white rabbits) | GelMA | Composition of GelMA and particulated AM resulted in an easy to synthesize, store, and handle substrate suitable for the treatment of oral mucosal defects | Zhang et al., 2019 |
| Zhou, 2019 | Corneal epithelial defect | In vivo (rabbit) | PCL | PCL-dAM composite has pro-regenerative and immunomodulatory properties of dAM and with a lower degeneration rate | Zhou et al., 2019 |
| Adamowicz, 2020 | TE of the urinary bladder | In vitro (SMC derived from porcine detrusor and porcine UC) | Graphene layers | Intact AM covered with solid graphene layers has the potential to obtain electrical stimulation for smooth muscle layer | Adamowicz et al., 2020 |
| Akyürek, 2020 | Prevent capsule contraction in Silicone breast implants | In vivo (Wistar rats) | Silicon | Coating silicone implants with AM reduces capsule thickness in comparison with bare silicon | Akyürek et al., 2020 |
| Dewey, 2020 | Bone repair | In vitro (pASC) | Collagen scaffold | Collagen-dAM composite scaffold is potentially suitable for craniomaxillofacial bone repair especially in the presence of inflammation | Dewey et al., 2020 |
| Yang, 2020 | Wound healing | In vitro and in vivo (human foreskin fibroblast cells and mice) | Chitosan | Double-layer membrane based on dBAM and chitosan is a biocompatible structure with potential benefits in healing full-thickness diabetic patients | Yang et al., 2020 |