TABLE 2.
Self‐reported clinical characteristics, overall and by country
| Overall sample N = 600 | United Kingdom, n = 300 | United States, n = 300 | p a | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMI b , kg/m2 | ||||
| N | 600 | 300 | 300 | |
| Mean (SD) | 31.9 (7.5) | 32.1 (8.2) | 31.8 (6.8) | 0.7201 |
| Median(min–max) | 30.7 (14–78) | 30.3 (18–78) | 30.7 (14–63) | |
| Duration of T2DM, n (%) | ||||
| < 1 year | 10 (1.7) | 8 (2.7) | 2 (0.7) | 0.0024 |
| 1–5 years | 162 (27.0) | 97 (32.3) | 65 (21.7) | |
| 6–10 years | 149 (24.8) | 73 (24.3) | 76 (25.3) | |
| > 10 years | 279 (46.5) | 122 (40.7) | 157 (52.3) | |
| Current T2DM treatment c , n (%) | ||||
| Oral medication | 557 (92.8) | 291 (97.0) | 266 (88.7) | <0.0001 |
| Injectable medication | 158 (26.3) | 58 (19.3) | 100 (33.3) | <0.0001 |
| Weekly non‐insulin injectable medication | 41 (6.8) | 17 (5.7) | 24 (8.0) | 0.2574 |
| Daily injectable | 135 (22.5) | 50 (16.7) | 85 (28.3) | 0.0006 |
| Daily non‐insulin injectable medication | 15 (2.5) | 7 (2.3) | 8 (2.7) | 0.7937 |
| Daily injectable insulin | 109 (18.2) | 39 (13.0) | 70 (23.3) | 0.0010 |
| A non‐insulin and insulin combination therapy | 11 (1.8) | 4 (1.3%) | 7 (2.3%) | 0.3613 |
| How many oral diabetes medications if currently taking, n (%) | ||||
| 1 | 298 (53.5) | 139 (47.8) | 159 (59.8) | 0.0125 |
| 2 | 164 (29.4) | 93 (32.0) | 71 (26.7) | |
| ≥3 | 95 (17.1) | 59 (20.3) | 36 (13.5) | |
| How many total oral medications currently taking per day, n (%) | ||||
| 0 | 4 (0.7) | 1 (0.3) | 3 (1.0) | 0.4057 |
| 1 | 45 (7.5) | 23 (7.7) | 22 (7.3) | |
| 2 | 56 (9.3) | 26 (8.7) | 30 (10.0) | |
| 3 | 71 (11.8) | 32 (10.7) | 39 (13.0) | |
| 4 | 66 (11.0) | 34 (11.3) | 32 (10.7) | |
| 5 | 70 (11.7) | 34 (11.3) | 36 (12.0) | |
| 6 | 65 (10.8) | 27 (9.0) | 38 (12.7) | |
| 7 | 48 (8.0) | 23 (7.7) | 25 (8.3) | |
| 8 | 43 (7.2) | 20 (6.7) | 23 (7.7) | |
| 9 | 28 (4.7) | 17 (5.7) | 11 (3.7) | |
| 10 | 22 (3.7) | 11 (3.7) | 11 (3.7) | |
| > 10 | 82 (13.7) | 52 (17.3) | 30 (10.0) | |
| Ever used self‐injectable diabetes medication, n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 184 (30.7) | 70 (23.3) | 114 (38.0) | <0.0001 |
| No | 411 (68.5) | 225 (75.0) | 186 (62.0) | |
| Do not know | 5 (0.8) | 5 (1.7) | 0 (0) | |
| Ever used self‐injectable medication for any other condition, n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 55 (9.2) | 22 (7.3) | 33 (11.0) | 0.2212 |
| No | 539 (89.8) | 274 (91.3) | 265 (88.3) | |
| Do not know | 6 (1.0) | 4 (1.3) | 2 (0.7) | |
| Diabetes complications c , n (%) | ||||
| Kidney complications | 32 (5.3) | 14 (4.7) | 18 (6.0) | 0.4674 |
| Eye complications | 74 (12.3) | 40 (13.3) | 34 (11.3) | 0.4563 |
| Cardiovascular complications (eg, heart attack or stroke) | 49 (8.2) | 18 (6.0) | 31 (10.3) | 0.0526 |
| Foot complications (eg, non‐healing wounds, diabetic foot ulcer, or amputation) | 30 (5.0) | 17 (5.7) | 13 (4.3) | 0.4537 |
| Nerve complications (eg, numbness or pain in the feet or hands) | 150 (25.0) | 59 (19.7) | 91 (30.3) | 0.0026 |
| Other | 7 (1.2) | 3 (1.0) | 4 (1.3) | 0.7038 |
| None | 383 (63.8) | 205 (68.3) | 178 (59.3) | 0.0218 |
| Current HbA1c level, n (%) | ||||
| < 53 mmol/mol (< 7%) | 214 (35.7) | 66 (22.0) | 148 (49.3) | <0.0001 |
| 54–64 mmol/mol (7.1%–8%) | 163 (27.2) | 79 (26.3) | 84 (28.0) | |
| 65–75 mmol/mol (8.1%–9%) | 66 (11.0) | 36 (12.0) | 30 (10.0) | |
| > 75 mmol/mol (>9%) | 23 (3.8) | 17 (5.7) | 6 (2.0) | |
| Do not know | 134 (22.3) | 102 (34.0) | 32 (10.7) | |
| Comorbidities c , n (%) | ||||
| Alcohol abuse | 21 (3.5) | 8 (2.7) | 13 (4.3) | 0.2667 |
| Substance abuse | 5 (0.8) | 4 (1.3) | 1 (0.3) | 0.1779 |
| Angina | 29 (4.8) | 17 (5.7) | 12 (4.0) | 0.3412 |
| Anxiety | 108 (18.0) | 64 (21.3) | 44 (14.7) | 0.0336 |
| Arthritis | 204 (34.0) | 88 (29.3) | 116 (38.7) | 0.0158 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/emphysema | 55 (9.2) | 23 (7.7) | 32 (10.7) | 0.2029 |
| Diabetic retinopathy | 34 (5.7) | 15 (5.0) | 19 (6.3) | 0.4800 |
| Heart attack or heart disease | 85 (14.2) | 33 (11.0) | 52 (17.3) | 0.0261 |
| Hypertension | 295 (49.2) | 110 (36.7) | 185 (61.7) | <0.0001 |
| Stroke | 21 (3.5) | 8 (2.7) | 13 (4.3) | 0.2667 |
| Depression | 128 (21.3) | 73 (24.3) | 55 (18.3) | 0.0728 |
| None | 142 (23.7) | 90 (30.0) | 52 (17.3) | 0.0003 |
Abbrevations: BMI, body mass index; T2DM, type 2 diabetes.
a
P values represent chi‐squared tests for categorical variables and t‐tests for continuous variables to test for differences across country.
b
The standard calculation formula: [weight in kg / (height in m × height in m)] was used to calculate BMI. US participants reported height in feet and inches, which was converted to cm by multiplying by 2.54. US participants reported weight in pounds and UK participants reported weight in stones and pounds, which was converted to kg by multiplying by 0.453592.
c
Not mutually exclusive.