Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and biophysical and biochemical measurements in women who developed early‐onset (before 34 weeks) pre‐eclampsia (PE), those who developed preterm (before 37 weeks) PE and those who did not develop PE before 37 weeks' gestation, according to whether pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A (PAPP‐A) and placental growth factor (PlGF) were measured before or after 11 weeks
| Parameter | PE before 34 + 0 weeks (n = 11) | PE before 37 + 0 weeks (n = 30) | No PE before 37 + 0 weeks (n = 2611) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biochemical markers measured at: | P | Biochemical markers measured at: | P | Biochemical markers measured at: | P | ||||
| 8 + 0 to 10 + 6 weeks (n = 5) | 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks (n = 6) | 8 + 0 to 10 + 6 weeks (n = 16) | 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks (n = 14) | 8 + 0 to 10 + 6 weeks (n = 1659) | 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks (n = 952) | ||||
| Age (years) | 34.0 (34.0–37.0) | 34.5 (31.3–37.0) | 0.642 | 34.0 (28.8–37.0) | 37.0 (32.8–38.0) | 0.143 | 32.0 (28.0–36.0) | 32.0 (28.0–36.0) | 0.222 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.2 (22.7–32.1) | 23.1 (22.2–25.5) | 0.537 | 25.1 (23.2–28.7) | 23.1 (21.8–26.0) | 0.096 | 23.9 (21.4–27.4) | 23.8 (21.2–27.5) | 0.521 |
| Ethnicity | 0.455 | 0.734 | < 0.001 | ||||||
| White | 4 (80.0) | 6 (100) | 13 (81.3) | 12 (85.7) | 1441 (86.9) | 768 (80.7) | < 0.001 | ||
| Black | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (7.1) | 34 (2.0) | 37 (3.9) | 0.008 | ||
| Mixed | 1 (20.0) | 0 (0) | 2 (12.5) | 0 (0) | 109 (6.6) | 100 (10.5) | < 0.001 | ||
| Asian | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (6.3) | 1 (7.1) | 40 (2.4) | 23 (2.4) | 1.0 | ||
| South‐East Asian | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 35 (2.1) | 24 (2.5) | 0.497 | ||
| Smoker | 1 (20.0) | 0 (0) | 0.455 | 1 (6.3) | 2 (14.3) | 0.586 | 214 (12.9) | 95 (10.0) | 0.028 |
| ART | 0 (0) | 1 (16.7) | 1.0 | 0 (0) | 2 (14.3) | 0.209 | 60 (3.6) | 33 (3.5) | 0.731 |
| Insemination | 0 (0) | 1 (16.7) | 0 (0) | 1 (7.1) | 10 (0.6) | 6 (0.6) | |||
| IVF | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 31 (1.9) | 21 (2.2) | |||
| IVF with egg donation | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (7.1) | 19 (1.1) | 6 (0.6) | |||
| Medical history | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.695 | ||||||
| Chronic hypertension | 2 (40.0) | 1 (16.7) | 3 (18.8) | 2 (14.3) | 15 (0.9) | 9 (0.9) | |||
| Diabetes mellitus | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (6.3) | 0 (0) | 25 (1.5) | 10 (1.1) | |||
| Autoimmune disease | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (6.3) | 2 (14.3) | 63 (3.8) | 42 (4.4) | |||
| APS | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (6.3) | 0 (0) | 4 (0.2) | 4 (0.4) | |||
| Obstetric history | 0.250 | 0.484 | 0.002 | ||||||
| Nulliparous | 0 (0) | 2 (33.3) | 6 (37.5) | 7 (50.0) | 813 (49.0) | 406 (42.6) | 0.002 | ||
| Previous PE | 1 (20.0) | 1 (16.7) | 4 (25.0) | 1 (7.1) | 16 (1.0) | 14 (1.5) | 0.256 | ||
| Previous FGR | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (7.1) | 18 (1.1) | 5 (0.5) | 0.191 | ||
| Biophysical variable | |||||||||
| GA at first‐trimester US (weeks) | 12.6 (12.1–12.6) | 13.1 (12.6–13.2) | 0.116 | 12.7 (12.1–12.9) | 12.6 (12.3–13.3) | 0.530 | 12.6 (12.1–12.9) | 12.9 (12.4–13.3) | < 0.001 |
| MAP (mmHg) | 94.3 (91.0–101.7) | 96.3 (89.5–104.9) | 0.931 | 90.5 (87.9–93.8) | 94.5 (83.0–104.1) | 0.693 | 84.0 (78.7–90.3) | 84.7 (78.3–90.7) | 0.829 |
| MAP MoM | 1.14 (1.10–1.37) | 1.22 (1.14–1.22) | 0.931 | 1.14 (1.10–1.21) | 1.16 (1.05–1.30) | 0.866 | 1.05 (0.97–1.14) | 1.06 (0.97–1.14) | 0.844 |
| Mean UtA‐PI | 2.54 (2.25–2.80) | 1.89 (1.88–2.76) | 0.247 | 2.15 (1.71–2.32) | 1.89 (1.71–2.21) | 0.618 | 1.69 (1.36–2.08) | 1.65 (1.31–2.00) | 0.002 |
| Mean UtA‐PI MoM | 1.67 (1.19–1.81) | 1.18 (1.12–1.91) | 0.537 | 1.24 (1.06–1.46) | 1.12 (1.00–1.33) | 0.552 | 1.03 (0.84–1.26) | 1.03 (0.83–1.26) | 0.834 |
| Biochemical variable | |||||||||
| GA at PAPP‐A + PlGF measurement (weeks) | 9.9 (9.6–10.3) | 12.1 (11.5–12.3) | 0.008 | 10.0 (9.5–10.5) | 11.8 (11.4–12.2) | < 0.001 | 10.1 (9.7–10.6) | 11.6 (11.1–12.3) | < 0.001 |
| PAPP‐A (mU/L) | 607.3 (602.3–1119.0) | 1801.0 (1447.0–2201.5) | 0.177 | 604.8 (307.8–1071.0) | 1869.5 (1387.0–3513.5) | < 0.001 | 1033.0 (655.9–1575.5) | 2395.5 (1499.0–3832.3) | < 0.001 |
| PAPP‐A MoM | 0.93 (0.71–1.09) | 0.69 (0.61–0.74) | 0.314 | 0.68 (0.53–1.06) | 0.73 (0.61–0.85) | 0.574 | 1.05 (0.74–1.50) | 1.06 (0.72–1.51) | 0.769 |
| PlGF (pg/mL) | 19.77 (19.03–22.35) | 27.00 (20.69–40.15) | 0.329 | 22.67 (19.00–26.24) | 30.60 (25.10–47.48) | 0.017 | 28.23 (22.0–35.89) | 41.36 (31.92–54.40) | < 0.001 |
| PlGF MoM | 0.65 (0.62–0.86) | 0.71 (0.45–0.97) | 1.0 | 0.85 (0.70–0.96) | 0.69 (0.52–1.00) | 0.257 | 0.96 (0.77–1.19) | 0.95 (0.74–1.19) | 0.256 |
Data are reported as median (interquartile range) or n (%).
APS, antiphospholipid syndrome; ART, assisted reproductive technology; BMI, body mass index; FGR, fetal growth restriction; GA, gestational age; IVF, in‐vitro fertilization; MAP, mean arterial pressure; MoM, multiples of the median; UtA‐PI, uterine artery pulsatility index; US, ultrasound.