TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristic of patients using sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitors versus other glucose‐lowering drugs in the total study population
| SGLT2 inhibitors | oGLDs | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 45 016) | (n = 45 016) | ASD | |
| Age, years | 58.25 ± 10.87 | 57.88 ± 10.38 | 0.0343 |
| Sex, male, n (%) | 25 832 (57.38) | 25 949 (57.64) | 0.0053 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.38 ± 3.76 | 26.59 ± 3.96 | 0.0534 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 88.12 ± 9.31 | 88.55 ± 9.67 | 0.0453 |
| Height, cm | 163.45 ± 9.1 | 163.62 ± 9.43 | 0.0185 |
| Weight, kg | 70.77 ± 13.24 | 71.45 ± 13.7 | 0.0507 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 89.02 ± 25.6 | 89.44 ± 29.18 | 0.0152 |
| eGFR, n (%) | |||
| <60 mL/min/1.73m2 | 3261 (7.24) | 3583 (7.96) | 0.0277 |
| 60–90 mL/min/1.73m2 | 21 527 (47.82) | 20 905 (46.44) | |
| ≥90 mL/min/1.73m2 | 20 228 (44.94) | 20 528 (45.6) | |
| Presence of proteinuria, n (%) | 3719 (8.26) | 3827 (8.5) | 0.0087 |
| eGFR/proteinuria, n (%) | 0.0400 | ||
| <60 mL/min/1.73m2/absent | 2751 (6.11) | 2864 (6.36) | |
| <60 mL/min/1.73m2/present | 510 (1.13) | 719 (1.6) | |
| ≥60 mL/min/1.73m2/absent | 38 546 (85.63) | 38 325 (85.14) | |
| ≥60 mL/min/1.73m2/present | 3209 (7.13) | 3108 (6.9) | |
| T2D duration, years | 6 (1–10) | 6 (2–10) | 0.0574 |
| Glucose, mmol/L | 8.76 ± 3.13 | 8.85 ± 3.44 | 0.0299 |
| Diabetic retinopathy, n (%) | 13 933 (30.95) | 13 494 (29.98) | 0.0212 |
| Prior cardiovascular diease, n (%) | |||
| Myocardial infarction | 1527 (3.39) | 1534 (3.41) | 0.0009 |
| Unstable angina | 2482 (5.51) | 2519 (5.6) | 0.0036 |
| Angina pectoris | 7838 (17.41) | 7885 (17.52) | 0.0028 |
| Heart failure | 3284 (7.3) | 3477 (7.72) | 0.0163 |
| Atrial fibrilation | 1171 (2.6) | 1246 (2.77) | 0.0103 |
| Stroke | 5292 (11.76) | 5167 (11.48) | 0.0087 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 25 706 (57.1) | 25 545 (56.75) | 0.0072 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 127.86 ± 14.93 | 127.94 ± 14.99 | 0.0057 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 78.53 ± 9.94 | 78.65 ± 10.07 | 0.0118 |
| Dyslipidaemia, n (%) | 31 455 (69.88) | 31 619 (70.24) | 0.0080 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.84 ± 1.36 | 4.87 ± 1.26 | 0.0190 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.68 (1.68–1.69) | 1.71 (1.70–1.72) | 0.0215 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.28 ± 0.35 | 1.28 ± 0.33 | 0.0000 |
| LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.68 ± 1.2 | 2.7 ± 1.15 | 0.0140 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | 0.0050 | ||
| Non‐smoker | 24 426 (54.26) | 24 313 (54.01) | |
| Ex‐smoker | 9363 (20.8) | 9374 (20.82) | |
| Current smoker | 11 227 (24.94) | 11 329 (25.17) | |
| Heavy drinker, n (%) | 4137 (9.19) | 4268 (9.48) | 0.0100 |
| Regular exercise, n (%) | 9135 (20.29) | 8884 (19.74) | 0.0139 |
| Income: low 25%, n (%) | 10 470 (23.26) | 10 546 (23.43) | 0.0040 |
| ACE inhibitors, n (%) | 1300 (2.89) | 1564 (3.47) | 0.0334 |
| ARBs, n (%) | 20 863 (46.35) | 21 775 (48.37) | 0.0406 |
| Loop diuretics, n (%) | 2333 (5.18) | 2539 (5.64) | 0.0202 |
| Thiazide diuretics, n (%) | 3095 (6.88) | 3374 (7.5) | 0.0240 |
| Statins, n (%) | 29 042 (64.51) | 30 404 (67.54) | 0.0639 |
| Beta blockers, n (%) | 6960 (15.46) | 7478 (16.61) | 0.0313 |
| Aldosterone, n (%) | 914 (2.03) | 1160 (2.58) | 0.0364 |
| Index year, n (%) | 0.0000 | ||
| 2014 | 1621 (3.6) | 1621 (3.6) | |
| 2015 | 9621 (21.37) | 9621 (21.37) | |
| 2016 | 14 159 (31.45) | 14 159 (31.45) | |
| 2017 | 19 615 (43.57) | 19 615 (43.57) | |
| Charlson comorbidity index | 2.7 ± 1.95 | 2.68 ± 2.09 | 0.0074 |
Note: Values are mean ± SD or median value (interquartile range), unless otherwise indicated. Presence of proteinuria was defined as having urinary protein ≥1+ dipstick testing in fasting morning urine.
Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin‐converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; ASD, absolute standardized difference; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; oGLD, other glucose‐lowering drug; SGLT2, sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2; T2D, type 2 diabetes.