TABLE 1.

Effects of SGLT‐2 inhibitors on eGFR and UACR in patients with DKD

Study	Design and population	Intervention	Effect on eGFR	Effect on UACR
DAPA‐CKD Heerspink et al. 2020 32	Phase III, randomized, international trial in patients with CKD with or without T2D (N = 4304) Number (%) of Asians: 1467 (34.0%)	Dapagliflozin (10 mg); placebo	Week 2 Dapa: −3.97 ± 0.15 mL/min/1.73 m2 PBO: −0.82 ± 0.15 mL/min/1.73 m2 Annual changes in eGFR from week 2 to month 30 Dapa: −1.67 ± 0.11 mL/min/1.73 m2 per year PBO: −3.59 ± 0.11 mL/min/1.73 m2 per year	‐
DELIGHT Pollock et al. 2019 67	Phase II/III, 24‐wk, randomized, international study in patients with DKD (N = 448) Number (%) of Asians: 177 (39.5%)	Dapagliflozin‐saxagliptin (10/2.5 mg), Dapagliflozin (10 mg), placebo	Week 1 Dapa: −4.8 (−6.3; −3.3) mL/min per 1.73 m2 Dapa/Saxa: −4.6 (−6.0; −3.1) mL/min/1.73 m2 Week 24 Dapa: −2.4 (−4.2; −0.5) mL/min/1.73 m2 Dapa/Saxa: −2.4 (−4.2; −0.7) mL/min/1.73 m2	Week 4 Dapa: −28.3% (−36.8; −18.7) Dapa/Saxa: −34.5% (−42.1; −25.9) Week 24 Dapa: −21.0% (−34.1; −5.2) Dapa/Saxa: −38.0% (−48.2; −25.8)
CREDENCE Perkovic et al. 2019 31	Phase III, randomized, international study, in patients with DKD (N = 4401) Number (%) of Asians: 877 (19.9%)	Canagliflozin (100 mg); placebo	Week 3 Cana: −3.72 ± 0.25 mL/min/1.73 m2 PBO: −0.55 ± 0.25 mL/min/1.73 m2 Annual changes in eGFR from week 3 to end of study Cana: −1.85 ± 0.13 mL/min/1.73 m2 per year PBO: −4.59 ± 0.14 mL/min/1.73 m2 per year	Mean change during follow‐up Cana: −31% (26 to 35%)
Haneda et al. 2016 60	Pooled analysis of four Phase III, 52‐wk studies in Japanese T2D patients with mild or moderate renal impairment (N = 1030) Number (%) of Asians: 1030 (100%); from Japan	Luseogliflozin (2.5, 5 mg/d)	Week 52 Normal eGFR (≥90 mL/min/1.73 m2) ≥90 to <100: −0.56 ≥100 to <110: −2.46 ≥110 to <120: −3.15 ≥120: −6.92 Mild renal impairment (≥60 to <90 mL/min/1.73 m2) +0.23 (−0.40 to 0.85) Moderate renal impairment (≥30 to <60 mL/min/1.73 m2) −0.13(−1.05 to 0.78)	Week 52 Normal eGFR −3.2 mg/g (−8.5 to 2.1) Mild renal impairment +3.5 mg/g (−11.9 to 19.0) Moderate renal impairment −27.4 mg/g (−88.2 to 33.4)
Ito et al. 2018 61	Open‐label, 104‐wk study in Japanese with DKD (N = 50) Number (%) of Asians: 50 (100%); from Japan	Ipragliflozin (50 mg)	Baseline 82.1 ± 19.8 mL/min/1.73 m2 Week 24 78.5 ± 17.4 mL/min/1.73 m2 Week 52 82.2 ± 20.7 mL/min/1.73 m2 Week104 81.0 ± 20.2 mL/min/1.73 m2	Baseline 15.5 (8.0‐95.7) mg/g Week 24 12.9 (7.4‐36.3) mg/g Week 52 15.2 (8.0‐39.0) mg/g Week 104 14.0 (7.3‐34.6) mg/g
Jian et al. 2018 62	12‐mo study in patients with DKD (N = 126) Number (%) of Asians: 126 (100%); from China	Dapagliflozin (0.05 g/d) or placebo for 6 mo	Baseline Dapa: 45.3 ± 12.1 mL/min/1.73 m2 PBO: 42.3 ± 10.3 mL/min/1.73 m2 3 months Dapa: 52.3 ± 12.2 mL/min/1.73 m2 PBO: 51.2 ± 9.8 mL/min/1.73 m2 6 months Dapa: 55.3 ± 18.5 mL/min/1.73 m2 PBO: 45.3 ± 9.4 mL/min/1.73 m2 12 months Dapa: 64.4 ± 12.5 mL/min/1.73 m2 PBO: 54.3 ± 10.7 mL/min/1.73 m2
Kashiwagi et al. 2015 63	24‐wk, randomized, double‐blind study followed by open‐label 52‐wk extension in Japanese patients with DKD (N = 165) Number (%) of Asians: 165 (100%); from Japan	Ipragliflozin (50 mg)	All patients Week 2 Ipra: −2.8 ± 4.78 mL/min/1.73 m2 PBO: +0.1 ± 4.34 mL/min/1.73 m2 Week 4 Ipra: −2.0 ± 5.77 mL/min/1.73 m2 PBO: +1.4 ± 5.35 mL/min/1.73 m2 Week 12 Ipra: −1.4 ± 5.85 mL/min/1.73 m2 PBO: +0.5 ± 5.60 mL/min/1.73 m2 Week 24 Ipra: +0.2 ± 6.56 mL/min/1.73 m2 PBO: +1.5 ± 6.00 mL/min/1.73 m2 Mild renal impairment Week 2 Ipra: −3.3 ± 5.07 mL/min/1.73 m2 PBO: −0.1 ± 4.92 mL/min/1.73 m2 Week 4 Ipra: −1.4 ± 5.99 mL/min/1.73 m2 PBO: +2.4 ± 6.19 mL/min/1.73 m2 Week 12 Ipra: −1.7 ± 6.39 mL/min/1.73 m2 PBO: −0.8 ± 6.80 mL/min/1.73 m2 Week 24 Ipra: +0.9 ± 7.57 mL/min/1.73 m2 PBO: +1.4 ± 6.84 mL/min/1.73 m2 Moderate renal impairment Week 2 Ipra: −2.4 ± 4.47 mL/min/1.73 m2 PBO: +0.3 ± 3.76 mL/min/1.73 m2 Week 4 Ipra: −2.5 ± 5.53 mL/min/1.73 m2 PBO: +0.3 ± 4.12 mL/min/1.73 m2 Week 12 Ipra: −1.2 ± 5.30 mL/min/1.73 m2 PBO: +1.9 ± 3.65 mL/min/1.73 m2 Week 24 Ipra: −0.4 ± 5.29 mL/min/1.73 m2 PBO: +1.6 ± 5.18 mL/min/1.73 m2 Week 52 +0.2 ± 6.56 mL/min/1.73 m2	All patients Week 2 Ipra: −35.64 ± 170.28 mg/g PBO: −2.03 ± 108.58 mg/g Week 24 Ipra: −23.72 ± 229.10 mg/g PBO: +4.28 ± 62.64 mg/g Mild renal impairment Week 2 Ipra: −19.83 ± 68.48 mg/g PBO: +3.21 ± 52.28 mg/g Week 24 Ipra: −10.79 ± 168.70 mg/g PBO: −9.51 ± 29.51 mg/g Moderate renal impairment Week 2 Ipra: −51.99 ± 232.66 mg/g PBO: −7.28 ± 146.02 mg/g Week 24 Ipra: −37.10 ± 279.14 mg/g PBO: +18.08 ± 82.19 mg/g Week 52 −23.72 ± 229.10 mg/g
Osonoi et al. 2018 64	Open‐label, 12‐wk study in Japanese T2D with microalbuminuria (N = 20) Number (%) of Asians: 20 (100%); from Japan	Canagliflozin (100 mg)	Week 12 −8.9 ± 7.5 (−12.4 to −5.3) mL/min/1.73 m2	Week 12 −19 mg/g % change from baseline (95% CI): 22% (−41.7 to 4.1)
Sugiyama et al. 2019 65	1‐y study of Japanese with DKD (N = 42) Number (%) of Asians: 42 (100%); from Japan	SGLT‐2 inhibitor therapy	1 year +0.3 (−0.9 to 2.7) mL/min/1.73 m2 Annual changes in eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2 per year) Before SGLT‐2 inhibitor therapy: −3.8 (−6.0 to −1.7) After SGLT‐2 inhibitor therapy: +0.1 (−0.8 to +1.5)	1 year −0.13 (−0.72 to −0.10) g/g
Takashima et al. 2018 66	52‐wk, randomized, open‐label study in patients with DKD (N = 42) Number (%) of Asians: 42 (100%); from Japan	Canagliflozin (100 mg)	Week 52 Cana: +0.7 ± 6.4 mL/min/1.73 m2 PBO: −3.4 ± 4.5 mL/min/1.73 m2	Week 52 Cana: −83 (−266 to −31) mg/g PBO: +27 (−11 to +131) mg/g

Abbreviations: Cana, canagliflozin; Dapa, dapagliflozin; DKD, diabetic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; Empa, empagliflozin; Ipra, ipragliflozin; Saxa, saxagliptin; SGLT‐2, sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2; PBO, placebo; T2D, type 2 diabetes.