Table 2.
Difference in physician ambulatory visits per year for individuals with psychiatric comorbidity*
| Variable | Depression | Anxiety | All psychiatric disorders |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cohort effect (RA vs. matched control)† | |||
| When between‐person PSYC effect = 0 | 4.05 (3.94, 4.15) | 4.14 (4.04, 4.25) | 4.03 (3.93, 4.14) |
| When between‐person PSYC effect = 1 | 6.02 (5.31, 6.74) | 6.84 (5.85, 7.84) | 6.03 (5.35, 6.71) |
| When within‐person PSYC effect = 0 | 4.05 (3.94, 4.15) | 4.14 (4.04, 4.25) | 4.03 (3.93, 4.14) |
| When within‐person PSYC effect = 1 | 3.98 (3.69, 4.27) | 4.31 (4.01, 4.61) | 3.95 (3.68, 4.20) |
| Among RA cases† | |||
| Between‐person effect PSYC | 11.18 (10.49, 11.87) | 13.25 (12.30, 14.20) | 10.92 (10.25, 11.58) |
| Within‐person effect PSYC | 2.17 (1.92, 2.42) | 1.99 (1.73, 2.25) | 2.08 (1.85, 2.31) |
| Among matches† | |||
| Between‐person effect PSYC | 9.20 (8.93, 9.47) | 10.56 (10.18, 10.93) | 8.92 (8.67, 9.17) |
| Within‐person effect PSYC | 2.23 (2.12, 2.35) | 1.82 (1.71, 1.93) | 2.17 (2.06, 2.27) |
| Interaction between‐person (RA PSYC) | 1.98 (1.24, 2.72) | 2.70 (1.68, 3.72) | 2.00 (1.29, 2.70) |
| Interaction within‐person (RA PSYC) | –0.06 (–0.33, 0.21) | 0.17 (–0.11, 0.45) | –0.09 (–0.34, 0.17) |
| Year of diagnosis | 0.03 (0.03, 0.04) | 0.03 (0.022, 0.033) | 0.04 (0.03, 0.04) |
| Disease duration, per year | –0.16 (–0.16, –0.15) | –0.16 (–0.16, –0.15) | –0.16 (–0.16, –0.15) |
| Sex | |||
| Female (male = reference) | 0.78 (0.72, 0.84) | 0.88 (0.81, 0.95) | 0.80 (0.74, 0.86) |
| Age group | |||
| 18–24 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| 25–44 | 0.40 (0.26, 0.54) | 0.54 (0.40, 0.69) | 0.39 (0.25, 0.53) |
| 45–64 | 1.68 (1.54, 1.82) | 1.82 (1.68, 1.96) | 1.67 (1.53, 1.81) |
| ≥65 | 3.63 (3.48, 3.79) | 3.80 (3.64, 3.96) | 3.60 (3.44, 3.75) |
| Region | |||
| Urban (rural = reference) | 0.66 (0.60, 0.72) | 0.73 (0.66, 0.79) | 0.64 (0.580, 0.70) |
| SEFI scores | |||
| Quintile 1 (lowest) | 0.34 (0.24, 0.43) | 0.31 (0.20, 0.41) | 0.29 (0.20, 0.39) |
| Quintile 2 | 0.14 (0.048, 0.24) | 0.21 (0.10, 0.31) | 0.13 (0.02, 0.22) |
| Quintile 3 | 0.05 (–0.04, 0.15) | 0.11 (0.001, 0.21) | 0.04 (–0.05, 0.13) |
| Quintile 4 | 0.07 (–0.03, 0.16) | 0.10 (–0.007, 0.20) | 0.06 (–0.05, 0.15) |
| Quintile 5 (highest) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Linear trend SEFI scores | –0.075 (–0.096, –0.053) | –0.073 (–0.096, –0.049) | –0.065 (–0.087, –0.044) |
| Count of ADGs (in prior year) | |||
| 0 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| 1 | 0.84 (0.80, 0.88) | 0.84 (0.81, 0.88) | 0.83 (0.80, 0.87) |
| ≥2 | 1.71 (1.63, 1.78) | 1.73 (1.66, 1.81) | 1.69 (1.62, 1.77) |
*
Values are the standardized mean difference (95% confidence interval). ADG = Aggregated Diagnosis Group; PSYC = active psychiatric comorbidity; RA = rheumatoid arthritis; Ref. = reference; SEFI = Socioeconomic Factor Index (values <0 indicate higher socioeconomic status).
†
Adjusted for sex, age group, region, year of diagnosis, disease duration, Socioeconomic Factor Index score, and Aggregated Diagnosis Groups. Between‐person and within‐person interaction terms included in the model.