Table 3.
Development of toxicity reference values (TRVs) for PFAS from AFFF: test species and exposure endpoints
| Performing investigator | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Project ID | Quinn (2016) | Sepulveda (2016) | Salice (2016) | Simcik (2016) |
| Species |
Mammals White‐footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) Deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) Lab mice (Mus sp.) |
Amphibians Northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) Eastern tiger salamander (Ambystoma trigrinum) American toad (Anaxyrus americanus) |
Freshwater Invertebrate Midge (Chironomus tentans) Freshwater fish Fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) Avian Bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) Reptile Brown anoles (Anolis sagrei) |
Avian Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) |
| Exposure and endpoints |
Range‐finding Oral gavage Benchmark dose NOEL/LOEL LE10/EC10 |
Range‐finding LD50 Chronic larvae water EC50 Subchronic larvae sediment EC50 Chronic adult diet EC50 Chronic adult sediment EC50 |
C. tentans 20‐d survival and growth P. promelas 10‐d survival/growth. 7‐d development/teratogenicity C. virginianus 20‐wk survival, growth, reproductive output, hatching success, hatchling survival A. sagrei 14‐ and 60‐d survival, growth, behavior, immunotoxicity |
Dietary 5‐ and 22‐d exposure LC50 and LT50 to 1) PFOA, PFOS, PFOS + PFOA; and 2) 3M AFFF Dietary 18‐wk reproduction, clutch size, hatch, juvenile survival EC50 after exposure to PFOS, PFOA, and AFFF |
| AFFF‐PFAS TRVs |
PFOS PFOA PFHxS PFBS 6:2 FTS PFNA |
PFOS PFOA PFHxS 6:2 FTS |
PFOS PFOA PFNA PFHxS PFOS + PFHxS PFHpA PFBS |
PFOS PFOA PFOS + PFOA 3M AFFF |
PFAS = per‐ and polyfluoralkyl substances; AFFF = aqueous fire‐fighting foam; LD50 = median lethal does; EC50 = median effect concentration; LC50 = median lethal concentration; LT50 = median lethal time; NOEL/LOEL = no‐observed effect level/lowest‐observed effect level; LE10/EC10 = 10% lethal effect/10% effect concentration. For other abbreviations, see Table 1.