Table 4.

Standardized comparisons of relative chronic toxicity for whole foam PFAS‐free AFFF formulations: species and endpoints

	Performing investigator
	Wirth (2020)	Quinn (2020)	Suski (2020)	Kuperman (2020)	Hoverman (2020)	Wu (2020)
Species	Fish Fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas; LC50, EC50) Sheepshead minnow (Cyprindon variegatus; LC50, EC50) Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Aquatic invertebrates Water flea (Ceriodaphnia dubia; (LC50, EC50) Opossum shrimp (Americamysis bahia; LC50, EC50) Copepod (Pseudodiaptomus pelagicus, or Acartia tonsa; LC50) Amphipod (Hyalella azteca; LC50, EC50) Midge (Chironomus dilutus; LC50) Hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria), or Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica), or blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) Diatoms Marine microalgae (Phaeodactylum tricornutum; LC50, EC50) Green algae (Raphidocelis subcapitata; EC50)	Mammals White‐footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus; LD50, EC50) Deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus; LD50, EC50)	Avian Bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus; LC50/EC50) Reptile Brown anole (Anolis sagrei; LC50/EC50) Fish Fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas; LC50, EC50) Aquatic invertebrate Midge (Chironomus tentans; LC50, EC50) Diatom Green algae (Raphidocelis subcapitata; LC50, EC50)	Plants Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) Barnyard grass (Enchinochloa crus‐galli) Soil invertebrates Earthworm (Eisenia andrei; EC50) Collembola (Folsomia candida; EC50) Potworm (Enchytraeus crypticus; EC50)	Fish Fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) Amphibian Gray treefrog (Hyla versicolor; EC50) Aquatic invertebrates Water flea (Daphnia magna)	Plant Field mustard (Brassica rapa; EC50) Soil invertebrates Nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans; EC50) Microarthropod (Folsomia candida; EC50)

PFAS = poly‐ and perfluoroalkyl substances; AFFF = aqueous fire‐fighting foam; LC50 = median lethal concentration; EC50 = median effect concentration; LD50 = median lethal dose.