Table 2.
Age adjusted and multivariable adjusted Cox proportional hazard ratios of all-cause death and cardiovascular disease death across astronomical birth seasons.
| Astronomical birth seasons | All-cause death | Cardiovascular disease death | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
| Hazard ratio (95%CI) | Hazard ratio (95%CI) | Hazard ratio (95%CI) | Hazard ratio (95%CI) | |
| Spring | 1.137 (1.008, 1.283) | 1.134 (1.005, 1.280) | 1.239 (1.054, 1.456) | 1.232 (1.048, 1.449) |
| Summer | 1.104 (0.979, 1.244) | 1.072 (0.951, 1.209) | 1.112 (0.945, 1.309) | 1.069 (0.908, 1.284) |
| Autumn | 1.000 (ref) | 1.000 (ref) | 1.000 (ref) | 1.000 (ref) |
| Winter | 1.179 (1.054, 1.320) | 1.162 (1.038, 1.301) | 1.198 (1.028, 1.397) | 1.174 (1.007, 1.369) |
Model 1 was adjusted for age.
Model 2 was adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, BMI, hypertension, education level, physical activity, current drinking, current smoking, family history of hypertension, history of diabetes, history of hyperlipidemia.
Astronomical birth seasons defined on the basis of solstices and equinoxes as the bounds of the season categories rather than as the midpoints: winter (December 21 to March 20), spring (March 21 to June 20), summer (June 21 to September 20), and autumn (September 21 to December 20).