Table 1.
Socioeconomic and Environmental Characteristics of Alive and Dead Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19
| Characteristic | All (n = 2038) | Alive (n = 1587) | Dead (n = 442) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), years | 63.96 (16.23) | 60.9 (15.6) | 75.1 (13.6) |
| Female, no. (%) | 1027 (50.4) | 824 (51.95) | 201 (45.48) |
| Length of stay, days (Q1–Q3) | 6 (3–12) | 6 (3–10) | 9 (4–15) |
| Readmission, no. (%) | 226 (11.1%) | 172 (10.84) | 54 (12.22) |
| Race, no. (%) | |||
| White | 694 (34.1) | 491 (30.94) | 201 (45.48) |
| Black | 1209 (59.3) | 984 (62) | 218 (49.32) |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 39 (1.9) | 32 (2.02) | 7 (1.58) |
| Native American | 2 (0.1) | 1 (0.06) | 1 (0.23) |
| Other/missing | 94 (4.6) | 79 (4.98) | 15 (3.39) |
| Living situation, no. (%) | |||
| With family | 1210 (66.2) | 969 (69.86) | 234 (54.29) |
| Alone | 267 (14.6) | 217 (15.65) | 49 (11.37) |
| Group facility | 350 (19.2) | 201 (14.49) | 148 (34.34) |
| Insurance status, no. (%) | |||
| Commercial insurance | 494 (26.9) | 461 (32.24) | 32 (8.04) |
| Medicare | 958 (52.2) | 629 (43.99) | 324 (81.41) |
| Medicaid | 304 (16.6) | 268 (18.74) | 35 (8.79) |
| Self-pay | 4 (0.2) | 4 (0.28) | 0 (0) |
| Other | 21 (1.1) | 19 (1.33) | 2 (0.5) |
| No insurance | 54 (2.9) | 49 (3.43) | 5 (1.26) |
| Medical conditions, no. (%) | |||
| BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 31.75 (8.66) | 32.41 (8.53) | 29.3 (8.61) |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, mean (SD) | 2.22 (2.18) | 1.84 (1.91) | 3.57 (2.54) |
| Hypertension | 1494 (73.3) | 1121 (70.64) | 364 (82.54) |
| Psychiatric condition | 520 (25.5) | 384 (24.2) | 134 (30.39) |
| Coronary artery disease | 308 (15.1) | 197 (12.41) | 108 (24.49) |
| Congestive heart failure | 276 (13.5) | 162 (10.21) | 111 (25.17) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 271 (13.3) | 163 (10.27) | 107 (24.26) |
| COPD | 294 (14.4) | 176 (11.09) | 115 (26.08) |
| Diabetes | 652 (32.0) | 490 (30.88) | 157 (35.6) |
| Diabetes with complications | 132 (6.5) | 90 (5.67) | 40 (9.07) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 357 (17.5) | 216 (13.61) | 136 (30.84) |
| Malignancy | 136 (6.7) | 88 (5.55) | 48 (10.88) |
| Metastatic cancer | 26 (1.3) | 10 (0.63) | 16 (3.63) |
| Tobacco use | 810 (43.1) | 589 (39.96) | 218 (54.64) |
| Substance use | 186 (10.3) | 146 (10.3) | 39 (10) |
| Neighborhood characteristics, % (SD) | |||
| Bachelor’s degree or higher | 18 (13) | 18 (13) | 18 (13) |
| Less than high school | 9 (6) | 9 (6) | 9 (5) |
| Median income (Q1–Q3) | 47,645 (29,541–68,924) | 47,363 (29,721–70,104) | 49,850 (29,721–148,875) |
| Renters | 37 (22) | 37 (22) | 37 (21) |
| Unemployment | 5 (3) | 5 (3) | 5 (4) |
| Poverty rate | 24 (18) | 24 (18) | 23 (17) |
| SNAP recipients | 24 (17) | 24 (18) | 23 (17) |
| No vehicle access | 14 (13) | 14 (14) | 14 (12) |
Q1–Q3, first quartile–third quartile; SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; SNAP, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program