Table 2.
Socioeconomic and Environmental Characteristics of Black and White Patients
| Characteristic | White (n = 694) | Black (n = 1209) |
|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), years | 68.6 (16.7) | 61.7 (15.5) |
| Female, no. (%) | 341 (49.14) | 635 (52.57) |
| Clinical outcomes, no. (%) | ||
| Death | 201 (29.05) | 218 (18.14) |
| Mechanical ventilation | 137 (19.74) | 285 (23.57) |
| ICU admission | 174 (25.07) | 380 (31.43) |
| Length of stay, days (Q1–Q3) | 6 (4–12) | 6 (3–12) |
| Readmission, no. (%) | 107 (15.42) | 114 (9.43) |
| Living situation, no. (%) | ||
| With family | 381 (59.25) | 744 (69.6) |
| Alone | 65 (10.11) | 184 (17.21) |
| In a facility | 197 (30.64) | 141 (13.19) |
| Insurance status, no. (%) | ||
| Commercial insurance | 151 (23.74) | 305 (27.9) |
| Medicare | 392 (61.64) | 533 (48.76) |
| Medicaid | 71 (11.16) | 212 (19.4) |
| Self-pay | 1 (0.16) | 2 (0.18) |
| Other | 7 (1.1) | 12 (1.1) |
| No insurance | 14 (2.2) | 29 (2.65) |
| Medical conditions, no. (%) | ||
| BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 29.9 (7.8) | 33.0 (8.9) |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, mean (SD) | 2.35 (2.18) | 2.22 (2.18) |
| Hypertension | 474 (68.4) | 932 (77.09) |
| Psychiatric condition | 232 (33.48) | 268 (22.17) |
| Coronary artery disease | 151 (21.79) | 146 (12.08) |
| Congestive heart failure | 104 (15.01) | 162 (13.4) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 101 (14.57) | 158 (13.07) |
| COPD | 119 (17.17) | 165 (13.65) |
| Diabetes | 185 (26.7) | 413 (34.16) |
| Diabetes with complications | 37 (5.34) | 92 (7.61) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 112 (16.16) | 235 (19.44) |
| Malignancy | 52 (7.5) | 73 (6.04) |
| Metastatic cancer | 10 (1.44) | 14 (1.16) |
| Tobacco use | 322 (49.92) | 463 (41.34) |
| Substance use | 47 (7.62) | 131 (12.01) |
| Neighborhood characteristics, % (SD) | ||
| Bachelors or higher | 22 (13) | 15 (13) |
| Less than high school | 7 (5) | 10 (6) |
| Median income (Q1–Q3) | 63,317 (49,850–85,776) | 34,758 (24,531–56,095) |
| Renters | 26 (19) | 44 (21) |
| Unemployment | 3 (2) | 6 (3) |
| Poverty rate | 13 (11) | 30 (18) |
| SNAP recipients | 13 (12) | 30 (17) |
| No vehicle access | 7 (8) | 19 (14) |
Q1–Q3, first quartile–third quartile; SD, standard deviation; ICU, intensive care unit; BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; SNAP, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program