Table 2.
Parkinson’s disease clinical characteristics
| Variables | Values |
|---|---|
| Age at diagnosis (years)* | 58.8 [13.6, 24–88] |
| Parkinson’s disease duration (years)* | 9.2 [6.5, 1–30] |
| Parkinson’s disease phenotype (%)* | |
| Tremor-dominant | 30.1 |
| Postural instability and gait impairment | 20.4 |
| Akinetic rigid | 38.9 |
| Young onset (< 40 years) | 10.7 |
| Late onset (> 60 years) | 49.5 |
| Disease complications (%)* | |
| Motor fluctuations | 58.3 |
| Dyskinesia | 58.3 |
| Wearing off | 81.6 |
| Impulse control disorder | 19.4 |
| REM sleep behavior disorder | 48.5 |
| PDQ-39 | |
| Mobility | 35.7 (28.7) |
| Activities of daily living | 32.2 (24.1) |
| Emotional well being | 26.9 (22.4) |
| Stigma | 21.6 (22.9) |
| Social support | 14.3 (19.3) |
| Cognitions | 33.0 (22.6) |
| Communication | 30.7 (26.1) |
| Bodily discomfort | 39.7 (26.8) |
| PDQ-39 summary index | 29.2 (17.3) |
| Parkinson’s disease therapy (%)* | |
| Treatment-naïve | 4.9 |
| Oral levodopa | 89.3 |
| Dopamine agonist | 35.0 |
| Monoamine oxidase B inhibitor | 18.4 |
| Anticholinergic | 12.6 |
| Catechol-O-methyl transferase inhibitor | 23.3 |
| Amantadine | 12.6 |
| Levodopa/carbidopa intestinal gel | 8.7 |
| Deep brain stimulation | 10.7 |
| Apomorphine (subcutaneous infusion) | 6.8 |
| Levodopa equivalent daily dose (mg)* | 834.8 [527.3, 0–2186] |
| MDS UPDRS-III (‘on’ state)* | 32.9 [17.7, 5–91] |
| Rehabilitation use in the last 12 months (%) | 16.5 |
| Gastrointestinal symptoms* | |
| Cleveland Constipation Score | 7.2 (4.7) |
| Rome-IV Criteria Constipation Score | 4.4 (3.5) |
| Functional constipation as per Rome-IV Criteria (%) | 78.6 |
| LDQ score* | 8.3 (7.7) |
| Most troublesome symptom (%) | |
| Indigestion | 18.4 |
| Heartburn | 7.8 |
| Regurgitation | 6.8 |
| Belching | 7.8 |
| Nausea | 15.6 |
| Vomiting | 1 |
| Excess fullness/bloating | 20.4 |
| None | 22.3 |
| Chronic pain over the last 3 months (%)* | 72.8 |
| Pain score (visual analogue scale) | 4.9 (2.5) |
| IPAQ score (MET-minutes/week)* | 1,823.6 (1,693.6) |
| IPAQ categorical score (%) | |
| Low | 35.2 |
| Moderate | 37.9 |
| High | 26.2 |
| Depression characteristics | |
| BDI total score | 11.9 (8.8) |
| BDI categories (%) | |
| Minimal depression (0–13) | 64.1 |
| Mild depression (14–19) | 19.4 |
| Moderate depression (20–28) | 10.7 |
| Severe depression (39–63) | 5.8 |
| Clinically depressed (> 13 for Parkinson’s disease) | 38.9 |
| MDS total NMSS | 62.7 (42.9) |
| NMSS-cardiovascular | 3.2 (3.5) |
| NMSS-sleep and fatigue | 11.6 (8.8) |
| NMSS-mood and cognition | 10.0 (11.9) |
| NMSS-perceptual problems | 2.7 (3.8) |
| NMSS-attention and memory | 6.2 (7.1) |
| NMSS-gastrointestinal symptoms | 6.1 (6.3) |
| NMSS-urinary | 8.8 (8.7) |
| NMSS-sexual | 5.4 (6.7) |
| NMSS-miscellaneous | 8.9 (7.5) |
| NMSS-total score | 62.7 (42.9) |
Data are presented as mean [standard deviation, range] or mean (standard deviation) unless otherwise indicated.
*
these data are partially reproduced from the previous study. [16]
PDQ-39: Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire, MDS UPDRS-IIII: Movement Disorder Society–Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale–Part III, LDQ: Leeds Dyspepsia Questionnaire, IPAQ: International Physical Activity Questionnaire, MET: metabolic equivalent of task, BDI: Beck Depression Inventory, NMSS: Non-Motor Symptoms Scale.