Table 3.

Mixed effect association between pain and GPS features adjusted for age, living alone, and gender covariates.

GPS features and mixed-model effectsa		Coefficient	SE	P>|z|	95% CI
Excursion size
	Between	–3.79	4.52	.40	–12.65, 5.06
	Within	–3.06	1.58	.05	–6.16, 0.04
Excursion span
	Between	–3.18	4.71	.50	–12.41, 6.05
	Within	–2.89	1.65	.08	–6.11, 0.35
Total distance
	Between	–11.92	9.16	.19	–29.94, 5.95
	Within	–5.71	3.17	.07	–11.93, 0.51
Ellipse area
	Between	–58.23	86.66	.50	–228.07, 111.62
	Within	–31.42	27.67	.26	–85.65, 22.81
Ellipse minor axis
	Between	–1.31	1.08	.23	–3.43, 0.82
	Within	–0.47	0.38	.22	–1.21, 0.28
Ellipse major axis
	Between	–4.86	5.57	.38	–15.78, 6.06
	Within	–3.64	1.97	.07	–7.50, 0.22
Frequency of trips
	Between	0.51	0.50	.31	–0.47, 1.49
	Within	0.05	0.22	.81	–0.38, 0.49
Homestay percentage
	Between	–0.003	0.04	.94	–0.08, 0.08
	Within	0.03	0.02	.15	–0.01, 0.06
Number of clusters
	Between	0.11	0.24	.63	–0.35, 0.58
	Within	0.03	0.08	.73	–0.14, 0.19
Entropy
	Between	–0.04	0.07	.53	–0.18, 0.10
	Within	–0.0003	0.03	.99	–0.05, 0.05

^aValues represent the within- and between-person effect.