Figure 4.

Probe locations to monitor the nonuniform deformation of the envelope. (a) Shown is the top view of the four locations that include the pillar apex (L1), the circumferential and longitudinal midpoints between two nearest pillars (L2 and L3), and the midpoint between an array of pillars (L4). (b) Shown is a contour plot of longitudinal uniaxial strain (ε₂₂) for an adhered envelope. Probe locations are shown and categorized into contact (L1) and suspended regions (L2, L3, and L4). At each location, in-plane uniaxial strains are probed at three points through the thickness, representing each of the three layers. For the inner and outer leaflets, the points correspond to the position of hydrophilic headgroups (top and bottom planes, respectively). For the cell wall, the maximal through-thickness value is probed, which is found at the top plane. (c–e) Shown are the contour plots of the circumferential (ε₁₁) and longitudinal (ε₂₂) uniaxial strain for each envelope layer. All contour plots are for the soft envelope configuration with an adhesion energy, dimensionless sinking depth, pillar diameter, and center-to-center spacing of 21 mJ/m² and 1.36, 60, and 180 nm, respectively. To see this figure in color, go online.