TABLE 7.
Cost estimates on labor operations (Kurtural et al., 2020) and water footprint (Zotou and Tsihrintzis, 2017) of Merlot/3309C grapevines subjected to different irrigation amount (FI, full irrigated; HI, half irrigated), AMF inoculation (I, inoculated; NI, non-inoculated), and their combinations during the 2020 growing season (first productive year) in Oakville (California).
| Labor operation cost | AMF inoculation ($/Ha) | Irrigation ($/Ha) | Total ($/Ha) | Yield (kg/Ha) | Gross income ($/Ha) |
| Treatment | |||||
| FINI | 0 | 529.25 | 529.25 | 528.3 a ± 50.0 | 264.5 ± 30.6 |
| FII | 15 | 529.25 | 544.25 | 428.3 b ± 50.0 | 104.5 ± 47.1 |
| HINI | 0 | 363.86 | 363.86 | 410.0 b ± 16.7 | 251.1 ± 30.2 |
| HII | 15 | 363.86 | 378.86 | 348.3 c ± 33.3 | 127.4 ± 22.5 |
| LMEM | |||||
| Irrigation amount (I) | – | – | – | * | ns |
| AMF inoculation (M) | – | – | – | ns | ns |
| I × M | – | – | – | ns | ns |
| Water footprint (WF) | Green WF (m3/ton) | Blue WF (m3/ton) | Gray WF (m3/ton) | Total WF (m3/ton) | |
| Treatment | |||||
| FINI | 1061.7 c ± 121.5 | 1706.1 b ± 195.3 | ND | 2767.8 b ± 316.8 | |
| FII | 1331.3 ab ± 180.9 | 2139.2 a ± 290.7 | ND | 3470.5 a ± 471.5 | |
| HINI | 1326.7 b ± 65.2 | 1065.8 d ± 52.4 | ND | 2392.5 c ± 117.6 | |
| HII | 1597.7 a ± 152.5 | 1283.6 c ± 122.5 | ND | 2881.3 b ± 275.0 | |
| LMEM | |||||
| Irrigation amount (I) | * | *** | – | ⋅ | |
| AMF inoculation (M) | ns | ns | – | ns | |
| I × M | ns | ns | – | ns | |
Values represent means ± SE (n = 4) separated by Kenward–Roger method and Tukey’s p-value adjustment (P ≤ 0.05). Different letters within column, indicate significant differences as affected by Irrigation amount, I, AMF inoculation, M, and their interaction (I × M). ns, indicate non-significance, * and *** indicate non-significance or significance at 10, 5, and 0.1% probability levels, respectively. All values are expressed as mg of the compound per gram of skin dry weight. LMEM, linear mixed-effect model; ND, not determined.