Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of 5729 participants according to groups defined by baseline alcohol consumption.
| Patient characteristics | Total | Baseline alcohol consumption category | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group 1 Non-drinkers |
Group 2 < 10 g/day |
Group 3 10–30 g/day |
Group 4 ≥ 30 g/day |
|||
| Total population, N (%) | 5729 | 3059 (53) | 1372 (24) | 758 (13) | 540 (10) | |
| Age, years | 51 ± 8 | 52 ± 9 | 50 ± 8 | 50 ± 8 | 50 ± 8 | < 0.001 |
| Male, % | 2638 (46) | 745 (24) | 692 (50) | 681 (90) | 520 (96) | < 0.001 |
| Current smoker, % | 1285 (23) | 304 (10) | 322 (24) | 369 (49) | 290 (54) | < 0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.7 ± 3.1 | 24.8 ± 3.2 | 24.6 ± 3.0 | 24.6 ± 2.8 | 24.7 ± 3.0 | 0.917 |
| Comorbidities, % | ||||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 735 (13) | 412 (13) | 128 (9) | 102 (13) | 93 (17) | 0.196 |
| Hypertension | 1877 (33) | 1023 (33) | 354 (26) | 286 (38) | 214 (40) | 0.01 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 158 (3) | 66 (2) | 38 (3) | 34 (4) | 20 (4) | 0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 125 (2) | 76 (2) | 22 (2) | 14 (2) | 13 (2) | 0.397 |
| Household incomea, % | < 0.001 | |||||
| Low | 3483 (62) | 2047 (68) | 799 (59) | 400 (53) | 237 (44) | |
| Middle | 1678 (30) | 751 (25) | 455 (33) | 268 (36) | 204 (38) | |
| High | 485 (9) | 197 (7) | 107 (8) | 86 (11) | 95 (18) | |
| Education level, % | < 0.001 | |||||
| Middle school or lower | 3001 (53) | 1871 (62) | 634 (46) | 284 (37) | 212 (39) | |
| High school | 1881 (33) | 860 (28) | 510 (37) | 295 (39) | 216 (40) | |
| College or higher | 816 (14) | 302 (10) | 224 (16) | 179 (24) | 111 (21) | |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||
| Frequency, times/month | 1 (0–2) | 0 (0–0) | 2 (1–2) | 2 (2–3) | 3 (2–3) | < 0.001 |
| Amount per occasion, glass/occasion | 1 (0–6) | 0 (0–0) | 3 (2–6) | 7 (5–10) | 10 (7–14) | < 0.001 |
| Total alcohol intake, g/day | 0.5 (0.0–11.6) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 4.2 (2.1–7.9) | 19.6 (14.2–27.0) | 47.1 (34.7–66.0) | < 0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 120 ± 18 | 120 ± 19 | 118 ± 18 | 121 ± 18 | 123 ± 18 | < 0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 80 ± 12 | 79 ± 12 | 79 ± 12 | 82 ± 11 | 83 ± 12 | < 0.001 |
| Nutritional intake, g/day | ||||||
| Protein | 62 (48–78) | 59 (45–75) | 63 (50–79) | 65 (50–82) | 71 (56–87) | < 0.001 |
| Fat | 29 (19–41) | 26 (17–37) | 31 (21–41) | 33 (22–46) | 37 (25–50) | < 0.001 |
| Carbohydrate | 325 (279–385) | 323 (276–387) | 326 (281–381) | 323 (286–374) | 334 (289–390) | 0.009 |
| Sodium | 2.9 (2.1–3.9) | 2.8 (2.0–3.7) | 2.9 (2.1–3.9) | 3.1 (2.3–4.1) | 3.3 (2.5–4.6) | < 0.001 |
| Laboratory variables | ||||||
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 13.6 ± 1.6 | 13.1 ± 1.5 | 13.6 ± 1.6 | 14.6 ± 1.3 | 14.8 ± 1.2 | < 0.001 |
| Serum albumin, g/dL | 4.5 (4.3–4.7) | 4.5 (4.3–4.6) | 4.5 (4.3–4.7) | 4.6 (4.4–4.8) | 4.6 (4.4–4.8) | < 0.001 |
| Fasting blood sugar, mg/dL | 88 (82–94) | 87 (82–93) | 87 (82–92) | 90 (85–98) | 92 (86–101) | < 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 189 (168–213) | 188 (167–211) | 188 (167–212) | 191 (170–215) | 195 (170–220) | < 0.001 |
| AST, IU/L | 22 (18–28) | 21 (18–26) | 22 (18–27) | 25 (21–31) | 27 (22–33) | < 0.001 |
| ALT, IU/L | 19 (14–27) | 17 (13–24) | 19 (14–27) | 23 (18–33) | 26 (19–34) | < 0.001 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) | 0.7 (0.7–0.9) | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | 1.0 (0.8–1.1) | < 0.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 95 (83–104) | 96 (85–104) | 96 (83–105) | 93 (82–103) | 92 (82–102) | 0.034 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 0.1 (0.1–0.2) | 0.1 (0.1–0.2) | 0.1 (0.1–0.2) | 0.1 (0.1–0.2) | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) | 0.021 |
| Albuminuria, % | 341 (6) | 204 (7) | 69 (5) | 35 (5) | 33 (6) | 0.09 |
AST aspartate aminotransferase, ALT alanine aminotransferase, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate.
SI conversion factor: to convert hemoglobin from g/dL to g/L multiply by 10; to convert serum albumin in g/dL to g/L, multiply by 10; to convert creatinine to μmol/L, multiply by 88.4; to convert total cholesterol from mg/dL to mmol/L multiply by 0.0259.
Values for categorical variables are shown as No. (%); values for continuous variables, as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range).
aHousehold income was categorized into three groups; < 2,000,000 Korean won (KRW) per month (low), 2,000,000 to < 4,000,000 KRW per month (middle), and ≥ 4,000,000 KRW per month (high).