Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study population.
| Total N = 160 | Cases N = 80 | Controls N = 80 | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Matching characteristics | ||||
| Age, mean ± SD | 64.1 ± 16.8 | 64.0 ± 16.9 | 64.1 ± 16.7 | – |
| Male, n (%) | 106 (66.3%) | 53 (66.3%) | 53 (66.3%) | – |
| ICU admission, n (%) | 46 (28.8%) | 23 (28.8%) | 23 (28.8%) | – |
| Non-matching characteristics | ||||
| Body mass index, median [IQR] | 27.47 [24.45; 30.81] | 27.31 [24.46; 29.09] | 27.76 [23.57; 31.30] | 0.28 |
| Smoking history, n (%) | 23 (14.7%) | 13 (16.9%) | 10 (12.7%) | 0.47 |
| Charlson index, median [IQR] | 1 [0; 3] | 1 [0; 2] | 1 [0; 3] | 0.96 |
| Time from symptom onset to hospital admission, days, median [IQR] | 7.00 [4.00; 11.00] | 7.00 [4.00; 13.00] | 7.00 [3.00; 10.00] | 0.16 |
| Location | ||||
| Belgium | 22 (13.8%) | 11 (13.8%) | 11 (13.8%) | – |
| France | 138 (86.3%) | 69 (86.3%) | 69 (86.3%) | |
| Time from symptom onset to ICU admission, days, median [IQR] | 11 [7;14] | 13 [7;15] | 9 [7;13] | 0.12 |
| Temperature, °C, median [IQR] | 37.7 [37.0;38.4] | 37.5 [36.90;38.4] | 38.0 [37.1;38.5] | 0.11 |
| Heart rate, beats/minute, median [IQR] | 87 [75;102] | 89 [80;105] | 86 [74;99] | 0.06 |
| Respiratory rate, beats/minute, median [IQR] | 25 [20;30] | 24 [20;32] | 25 [22;30] | 0.77 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg, median [IQR] | 132 [119;144] | 130 [120;141] | 136 [117.00;149] | 0.48 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg, median [IQR] | 75 [66;84] | 74 [65;82] | 75 [67;84] | 0.74 |
| Oxygen saturation on | ||||
| Room air | 101 (63.1%) | 47 (58.8%) | 54 (67.5%) | 0.21 |
| Oxygen therapy | 59 (36.9%) | 33 (41.3%) | 26 (32.5%) | |
| History of fever, n (%) | 127 (80.4%) | 57 (72.2%) | 70 (88.6%) | 0.02 |
| Oxygen saturation, %, median [IQR] | 95 [93; 97] | 94 [92; 97] | 95 [93; 97] | 0.98 |
| Dry cough, n (%) | 94 (59.5%) | 45 (57.0%) | 49 (62.0%) | 0.47 |
| Cough with bloody sputum, n (%) | 31 (19.6%) | 15 (19.0%) | 16 (20.3%) | 0.81 |
| Sore throat, n (%) | 10 (7.2%) | 7 (10.0%) | 3 (4.4%) | 0.18 |
| Rhinorrhea, n (%) | 19 (13.1%) | 10 (13.9%) | 9 (12.3%) | 0.79 |
| Ear pain, n (%) | 1 (0.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0.99 |
| Wheezing, n (%) | 8 (5.3%) | 6 (7.8%) | 2 (2.7%) | 0.42 |
| Chest pain, n (%) | 22 (14.6%) | 13 (16.9%) | 9 (12.2%) | 0.37 |
| Myalgia, n (%) | 40 (27.8%) | 14 (19.7%) | 26 (35.6%) | 0.024 |
| Arthralgia, n (%) | 7 (5.0%) | 2 (2.9%) | 5 (7.1%) | 0.27 |
| Fatigue/Malaise, n (%) | 87 (56.9%) | 38 (50.0%) | 49 (63.6%) | 0.04 |
| Dyspnea, n (%) | 107 (67.3%) | 58 (73.4%) | 49 (61.3%) | 0.08 |
| Lower chest wall indrawing, n (%) | 11 (7.5%) | 5 (6.9%) | 6 (8.1%) | 0.42 |
| Headache, n (%) | 22 (14.7) | 7 (9.2%) | 15 (20.3%) | 0.04 |
| Altered consciousness/confusion, n (%) | 21 (13.9%) | 9 (12.0%) | 12 (15.8%) | 0.33 |
| Abdominal pain, n (%) | 23 (15.1%) | 11 (14.1%) | 12 (16.2%) | 0.59 |
| Vomiting/Nausea, n (%) | 25 (15.8%) | 13 (16.5%) | 12 (15.2%) | 0.83 |
| Diarrhea, n (%) | 42 (26.9%) | 19 (24.7%) | 23 (29.1%) | 0.55 |
| Skin ulcers, n (%) | 1 (0.7%) | 1 (1.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.99 |
| Lymphadenopathy, n (%) | 1 (0.7%) | 1 (1.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.99 |
| Bleeding, n (%) | 3 (2.0%) | 2 (2.6%) | 1 (1.3%) | 0.57 |
ICU intensive care unit, IQR interquartile range.