Table 1.

Comparison of common tumor models

Feature	2D tumor cell line	Tumor spheroids	Animal models	Organoids
Time	Few days	Few days	Several months	Several weeks
Cost	Low	Low	High	Medium
Construction success rate	High	High	Low	Medium (depending on the specific tumor)
Long-term cultivation capacity	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
High-throughput drug screening	Suitable	Suitable	Inappropriate	Suitable
Other advantage	Low maintenance cost, high reproducibility	Easy to construct, high reproducibility	The ability to study tumors as a whole	Personal and precision treatment
Main disadvantage	Prone to accumulation of mutations, lack of interaction between tumor cells and other surrounding cells, unable to mimic tumor microenvironment	Lack of histological and morphological characteristics, unstable size of spheroids	Different from the tumor environment of the human body	Unable to mimic tumor microenvironment by itself, strong heterogeneity