Table 1.
Population description for the KB and IGR hospitals and association between variables measured at admission and severity.
| KB, N = 837 | IGR, N = 150 | Pooled | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Distribution | Odds ratio | p-value association with severity | Distribution | Odds ratio | p-value association with severity | Pooled p-value | Significant association | |
| Outcomes | ||||||||
| Severity: “Intubation” OR “O2 ≥ 15 L” OR “Death” | 30% [817] | – | 32% [144] | – | – | |||
| Intubation | 13% [837] | – | 11% [150] | – | – | |||
| O2 ≥ 15 L | 15% [837] | – | 11% [150] | – | – | |||
| Death | 17% [837] | – | 17% [150] | – | – | |||
| Clinical characteristics | ||||||||
| Age | 63.0 (52.0, 77.0) [833] | 1.61 (1.37, 1.90) | 7.32 × 10−09 | 6.10 (49.0, 71.0) [149] | 1.35 (0.92, 1.98) | 1.29 × 10−01 | 2.54 × 10−09 | Yes |
| Sex | 57% [837] | 1.97 (1.43, 2.72) | 3.03 × 10−05 | 49% [150] | 1.07 (0.51, 2.23) | 8.67 × 10−01 | 3.52 × 10−05 | Yes |
| BMI | 27.0 (23.5, 31.1) [400] | 1.17 (0.95, 1.43) | 1.39 × 10−01 | 24.9 (21.5, 27.7) [108] | 1.28 (0.81, 2.00) | 2.87 × 10−01 | 1.00 × 10−01 | |
| Height | 1.7 (1.6, 1.8) [404] | 1.18 (0.96, 1.46) | 1.13 × 10−01 | 1.7 (1.6, 1.8) [109] | 1.08 (0.69, 1.71) | 7.30 × 10−01 | 1.05 × 10−01 | |
| Weight | 75.0 (62.0, 90.0) [543] | 1.08 (0.91, 1.29) | 3.84 × 10−01 | 72.0 (60.0, 85.0) [119] | 1.31 (0.86, 1.99) | 2.06 × 10−01 | 2.81 × 10−01 | |
| Clinical examination | ||||||||
| Oxygen saturation | 95.0 (90.0, 97.0) [783] | 0.37 (0.30, 0.45) | 6.42 × 10−20 | 97.0 (94.0, 99.0) [132] | 0.35 (0.20, 0.63) | 4.33 × 10−04 | 7.32 × 10−22 | Yes |
| Diastolic pressure | 80.0 (69.0, 90.0) [769] | 0.70 (0.60, 0.83) | 3.93 × 10−05 | 78.0 (69.0, 84.8) [138] | 0.75 (0.51, 1.11) | 1.55 × 10−01 | 1.74 × 10−05 | Yes |
| Respiratory rate | 25.0 (20.0, 30.0) [667] | 1.33 (1.12, 1.58) | 1.10 × 10−03 | 22.0 (18.0, 28.0) [67] | 3.37 (1.28, 8.86) | 1.39 × 10−02 | 2.70 × 10−04 | Yes |
| Systolic pressure | 134.0 (118.0, 148.0) [769] | 0.82 (0.70, 0.97) | 1.84 × 10−02 | 125.0 (113.5, 137.5) [139] | 0.74 (0.50, 1.10) | 1.37 × 10−01 | 9.87 × 10−03 | |
| Cardiac frequency | 95.0 (82.0, 107.0) [771] | 0.94 (0.80, 1.10) | 4.29 × 10−01 | 90.0 (80.0, 102.2) [136] | 1.27 (0.86, 1.87) | 2.33 × 10−01 | 5.68 × 10−01 | |
| Body temperature | 37.8 (37.0, 38.5) [788] | 0.99 (0.84, 1.17) | 9.28 × 10−01 | 37.3 (36.7, 38.0) [137] | 6.09 (0.97, 38.36) | 5.44 × 10−02 | 8.07 × 10−01 | |
| Symptoms | ||||||||
| Dyspnea | 68% [837] | 1.73 (1.23, 2.45) | 1.87 × 10−03 | 57% [150] | 1.67 (0.78, 3.59) | 1.88 × 10−01 | 9.93 × 10−04 | |
| Chest pain | 8.2% [837] | 0.27 (0.12, 0.61) | 1.54 × 10−03 | 5.3% [150] | 0.78 (0.15, 4.04) | 7.68 × 10−01 | 1.52 × 10−03 | |
| Myalgia | 24% [837] | 0.59 (0.41, 0.86) | 6.20 × 10−03 | 13% [150] | 0.99 (0.32, 3.01) | 9.83 × 10−01 | 6.95 × 10−03 | |
| Confusion | 9.4% [837] | 1.73 (1.06, 2.81) | 2.80 × 10−02 | 2.7% [150] | 7.62 (0.77, 75.63) | 8.28 × 10−02 | 1.37 × 10−02 | |
| Coughing | 41% [837] | 0.78 (0.57, 1.06) | 1.10 × 10−01 | 31% [150] | 0.88 (0.40,1.97) | 7.64 × 10−01 | 1.04 × 10−01 | |
| Diarrhea | 8.0% [837] | 1.30 (0.76, 2.24) | 3.42 × 10−01 | 6.0% [150] | 1.20 (0.21, 6.82) | 8.39 × 10−01 | 3.31 × 10−01 | |
| Fever | 51% [837] | 1.11 (0.82, 1.50) | 4.98 × 10−01 | 37% [150] | 1.53 (0.71, 3.26) | 2.75 × 10−01 | 3.92 × 10−01 | |
| Asthenia | 17% [837] | 0.78 (0.51, 1.18) | 2.41 × 10−01 | 8.0% [150] | 3.18 (0.91, 11.09) | 7.01 × 10−02 | 4.01 × 10−01 | |
| Symptoms duration before examination | 6.0 (3.0, 9.0) [771] | 1.02 (0.87, 1.19) | 8.13 × 10−01 | 4.0 (2.0, 7.8) [126] | 1.15 (0.78, 1.68) | 4.76 × 10−01 | 7.21 × 10−01 | |
| Dry quintuous cough | 33% [837] | 0.95 (0.69, 1.31) | 7.43 × 10−01 | 20% [150] | 1.23 (0.48, 3.17) | 6.62 × 10−01 | 8.05 × 10−01 | |
| Headache | 5.3% [837] | 1.09 (0.57, 2.09) | 8.04 × 10−01 | 3.3% [150] | 0.58 (0.06, 5.39) | 6.35 × 10−01 | 8.72 × 10−01 | |
| Comorbidities and smoking | ||||||||
| Chronic kidney disease | 12% [837] | 2.39 (1.54, 3.70) | 9.51 × 10−05 | 7.3% [150] | 16.59 (1.93, 142.84) | 1.06 × 10−02 | 1.81 × 10−05 | Yes |
| Hypertension | 45% [837] | 1.77 (1.31, 2.40) | 2.43 × 10−04 | 35% [150] | 1.11 (0.51, 2.42) | 7.9 × 10−01 | 2.52 × 10−04 | Yes |
| Asthma | 8.7% [837] | 0.41 (0.21, 0.80) | 8.87 × 10−03 | 6.0% [150] | 0.32 (0.04, 2.71) | 2.97 × 10−01 | 5.81 × 10−03 | |
| Cardiac disease | 22% [837] | 1.41 (0.99, 2.02) | 5.77 × 10−02 | 17% [150] | 1.05 (0.39, 2.78) | 9.26 × 10−01 | 5.94 × 10−02 | |
| Diabetes | 24% [837] | 1.32 (0.94, 1.87) | 1.13 × 10−01 | 19% [150] | 2.10 (0.83, 5.30) | 1.15 × 10−01 | 6.66 × 10−02 | |
| Smoker | 15% [837] | 1.32 (0.87, 2.00) | 1.88 × 10−01 | 25% [150] | 2.85 (1.26, 6.44) | 1.17 × 10−02 | 8.30 × 10−02 | |
| Emphysema | 6.0% [837] | 1.47 (0.80, 2.71) | 2.12 × 10−01 | 14% [150] | 4.12 (1.51, 11.25) | 5.62 × 10−03 | 8.73 × 10−02 | |
| Corticosteroids | 3.9% [837] | 0.61 (0.26, 1.43) | 2.57 × 10−01 | 12% [150] | 3.14 (1.05, 9.37) | 3.99 × 10−02 | 4.48 × 10−01 | |
| Chemotherapy | 1.0% [837] | 1.39 (0.33, 5.88) | 6.50 × 10−01 | 39% [150] | 1.88 (0.89, 3.98) | 9.94 × 10−02 | 4.64 × 10−01 | |
| Dyslipidemia | 16% [837] | 1.09 (0.73, 1.65) | 6.71 × 10−01 | 11% [150] | 2.67 (0.87, 8.18) | 8.65 × 10−02 | 4.74 × 10−01 | |
| NSAI | 3.6% [837] | 1.23 (0.56, 2.68) | 6.05 × 10−01 | 0.7% [150] | 0 (0, lnf) | 9.88 × 10−01 | 6.13 × 10−01 | |
| Cancer | 7.3% [837] | 1.17 (0.66, 2.08) | 5.87 × 10−01 | 85% [150] | 0.47 (0.17, 1.30) | 1.45 × 10−01 | 7.78 × 10−01 | |
| Biological measures | ||||||||
| LDH | 341.0 (263.5, 452.5) [527] | 2.02 (1.63, 2.51) | 1.51 × 10−10 | 278.0 (203.8, 400.0) [134] | 2.36 (1.32, 4.21) | 3.77 × 10−03 | 9.78 × 10−12 | Yes |
| Urea | 6.0 (4.2, 9.8) [739] | 1.66 (1.40, 1.97) | 5.72 × 10−09 | 5.1 (3.7, 6.9) [117] | 2.19 (1.36, 3.52) | 1.28 × 10−03 | 3.07 × 10−10 | Yes |
| CRP | 69.0 (29.0, 130.0) [729] | 1.48 (1.27, 1.74) | 1.07 × 10−06 | 52.7 (15.1, 115.7) [142] | 1.48 (1.03, 2.14) | 3.64 × 10−02 | 2.37 × 10−07 | Yes |
| Neutrophil | 5.0 (3.5, 7.1) [746] | 1.38 (1.18, 1.62) | 8.31 × 10−05 | 4.4 (2.3, 7.1) [148] | 1.15 (0.80, 1.64) | 4.51 × 10−01 | 6.16 × 10−05 | Yes |
| Leukocytes | 6.7 (4.9, 9.0) [750] | 1.31 (1.12, 1.54) | 7.18 × 10−04 | 6.6 (4.1, 9.8) [144] | 1.19 (0.83, 1.71) | 3.43 × 10−01 | 4.73 × 10−04 | Yes |
| Platelet | 206.0 (161.5, 259.5) [751] | 0.78 (0.66, 0.93) | 5.47 × 10−03 | 213.5 (156.0, 308.0) [144] | 0.76 (0.50, 1.15) | 1.93 × 10−01 | 3.06 × 10−03 | |
| Ferritin | 627.0 (287.8, 1285.5) [296] | 1.27 (0.99, 1.62) | 6.33 × 10−02 | 567.0 (233.0, 1327.0) [125] | 1.52 (1.03, 2.26) | 3.70 × 10−02 | 2.85 × 10−02 | |
| Total bilirubin | 8.0 (6.0, 11.0) [691] | 1.16 (0.99, 1.37) | 6.80 × 10−02 | 9.0 (6.0, 13.0) [137] | 1.52 (1.04, 2.23) | 3.25 × 10−02 | 3.01 × 10−02 | |
| Conjugated bilirubin | 12.0 (9.0, 16.0) [57] | 1.32 (0.72, 2.42) | 3.63 × 10−01 | 2.0 (2.0, 5.0) [68] | 2.00 (1.10, 3.65) | 2.29 × 10−02 | 1.97 × 10−01 | |
| Lymphocyte | 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) [745] | 0.89 (0.70, 1.12) | 3.16 × 10−01 | 1.0 (0.6, 1.6) [148] | 0.80 (0.53, 1.21) | 2.89 × 10−01 | 2.42 × 10−01 | |
| Monocyte | 0.5 (0.3, 0.6) [746] | 0.93 (0.79, 1.10) | 3.99 × 10−01 | 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) [148] | 0.66 (0.36, 1.19) | 1.64 × 10−01 | 2.84 × 10−01 | |
| Hemoglobin | 13.2 (12.1, 14.4) [751] | 1.06 (0.90, 1.24) | 4.84 × 10−01 | 11.1 (9.5, 12.8) [144] | 0.65 (0.43, 0.98) | 3.79 × 10−02 | 7.43 × 10−01 | |
| Creatine kinase | 146.0 (84.0, 312.8) [638] | 0.98 (0.82, 1.18) | 8.47 × 10−01 | 70.5 (30.8, 157.2) [92] | 1.32 (0.83, 2.10) | 2.36 × 10−01 | 9.88 × 10−01 | |
| Radiological standardized report | ||||||||
| Disease extent 0/1/2/3/4/5 | 6.3/17/37/27/11/2.6% [806] | 2.43 (2.01, 2.93) | 2.13 × 10−20 | 14/36/24/7.2/10/8.7% [138] | 1.62 (1.11, 2.37) | 1.21 × 10−02 | 1.28 × 10−21 | Yes |
| Crazy paving | 44% [799] | 2.72 (1.98, 3.74) | 6.48 × 10−10 | 40% [140] | 2.37 (1.10, 5.11) | 2.72 × 10−02 | 9.94 × 10−11 | Yes |
| Peripheral distribution | 63% [749] | 0.52 (0.38, 0.72) | 7.84 × 10−05 | 32% [137] | 0.55 (0.23, 1.31) | 1.77 × 10−01 | 3.73 × 10−05 | Yes |
| Predominance inferior | 40% [732] | 1.46 (1.06, 2.02) | 2.13 × 10−02 | 43% [136] | 0.90 (0.42, 1.93) | 7.81 × 10−01 | 2.65 × 10−02 | |
| GGO | 91% [824] | 1.72 (0.94, 3.17) | 8.02 × 10−02 | 76% [140] | 1.55 (0.60, 3.98) | 3.66 × 10−01 | 6.01 × 10−02 | |
| Consolidation | 69% [773] | 1.36 (0.95, 1.94) | 9.23 × 10−02 | 39% [140] | 1.13 (0.53, 2.41) | 7.56 × 10−01 | 8.69 × 10−02 | |
| GGO rounded | 15% [750] | 0.64 (0.40, 1.03) | 6.63 × 10−02 | 7.5% [107] | 3.10 (0.65, 14.75) | 1.56 × 10−01 | 1.18 × 10−01 | |
| Consolidation rounded | 17& [535] | 1.08 (0.66, 1.77) | 7.59 × 10−01 | 18% [55] | 0.92 (0.21, 4.09) | 9.11 × 10−01 | 7.77 × 10−01 | |
| Other radiological patterns | ||||||||
| Cardiomegaly | 25% [115] | 2.84 (1.19, 6.80) | 1.89 × 10−02 | 23% [78] | 0.77 (0.22, 2.72) | 7.40 × 10−01 | 2.42 × 10−02 | |
| Splenomegaly | 2.6% [115] | 4.11 (0.36, 46.85) | 2.55 × 10−01 | 10% [78] | 17.33 (1.88, 160) | 1.40 × 10−02 | 1.22 × 10−01 | |
| Hepatomegaly | 8.7% [115] | 1.35 (0.36, 5.12) | 6.56 × 10−01 | 18% [78] | 5.17 (1.41, 18.99) | 2.02 × 10−02 | 4.00 × 10−01 | |
| COVID treatment | ||||||||
| Corticoid | 1.0% [837] | 4.7% [150] | ||||||
| Hydroxychloroquine | 4.1% [837] | 34% [150] | ||||||
| Immunomodulator | 2.5% [837] | 0% [144] | ||||||
| Kaletra | 1.4% [837] | 2.0% [150] | ||||||
| Anti-IL6 | 3.2% [837] | 4.7% [150] | ||||||
| Interferon | 0.6% [837] | 0% [144] | ||||||
Among the 1003 patients of the study, biological and clinical variables were available for 987 individuals. Categorical variables are expressed as percentages [available]. Continuous variables are shown as median (IQR) [available]. Associations with severity are evaluated with logistic regression and reported with two-sided p-values for each center and p-values were combined with Stouffer’s method. The column entitled “Significant association” indicates that the variable is significantly associated with severity after Bonferroni adjustment to account for multiple testing across 58 variables (treatments are excluded). For continuous variables, odds ratios are computed for an increase of one standard deviation of the continuous variable.