Table 1.
The biological function and mechanism of exosomal long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in cancer.
| LncRNA | Parent cell | Recipient cell | Biological function | Mechanism | Year | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cancer cell to non-cancer cell | ||||||
| LncRNA BCRT1 | Breast cancer cells | Macrophages | Promote M2 polarization | Increase TGF-β and chemotaxis | 2020 | (65) |
| LncRNA SNHG16 | Breast cancer cells | γδ1 T cells | Induce CD73+γδ1 T cells and immunosuppression | Activate TGF-β1/SMAD5 pathway by sponging miR-16-5p | 2020 | (66) |
| LncRNA LNMAT2 | Bladder cancer cells | Endothelial cells | Promote angiogenesis | Induce H3K4me3 on PROX1 promoter by binding hnRNPA2B1 | 2020 | (67) |
| LncRUNX2-AS1 | Multiple myeloma cells | Mesenchymal stem cells | Repress osteogenesis | Decrease RUNX2 by binding pre-mRNA and reducing the splicing efficiency | 2018 | (68) |
| LncRNA H19 | CD90+ liver cancer cells | Endothelial cells | Promote angiogenesis and cell-to-cell adhesion | Increase VEGF | 2015 | (69) |
| LncRNA‑ATB | Glioma cells | Astrocytes | Promote migration and invasion | Bind and suppress miR‑204‑3p | 2019 | (70) |
| LncRNA TUC339 | Liver cancer cells | Macrophages | Promote M2 polarization | Interact with cytokine-cytokine receptor, bind CXCR chemokine receptor and signal Toll-like receptor | 2018 | (71) |
| LncRNA-POU3F3 | Glioma cells | Endothelial cells | Promote angiogenesis | Increase bFGF, bFGFR, and angio | 2017 | (72) |
| Linc-CCAT2 | Glioma cells | Endothelial cells | Promote angiogenesis | Increase VEGFA, TGF-β, and Bcl-2, decrease Bax and caspase-3 | 2017 | (73) |
| LncRNA HOTAIR | Glioma cells | Endothelial cells | Promote angiogenesis | Increase VEGFA | 2017 | (51) |
| LncRNA MALAT1 | Epithelial ovarian cancer cells | Endothelial cells | Promote angiogenesis | Increase VEGF-A, VEGF-D, ENA-78, PlGF, IL-8, angiogenin, bFGF, and leptin | 2017 | (74) |
| Cancer cell to cancer cell | ||||||
| LncRNA-ARSR | Sunitinib-resistant RCC cells | Sunitinib-sensitive RCC cells | Transmit sunitinib resistance | Increase AXL and c-Met by sponging miR-34 and miR-449 | 2016 | (47) |
| LncRNA AFAP1-AS1 | Trastuzumab-resistant breast cancer cells | Trastuzumab-sensitive breast cancer cells | Transmit trastuzumab resistance | Interact with AUF1 and increase ERBB2 translation | 2020 | (75) |
| LncRNA MRPL23-AS1 | High invasive SACC cells | Low invasive SACC cells | Promote EMT, migration, and invasion | Induce H3K27me3 on E-cadherin promoter by binding EZH2 | 2020 | (76) |
| LncRNA SBF2-AS1 | TMZ-resistance GBM cells | TMZ-sensitive GBM cells | Transmit TMZ resistance | Decrease XRCC4 by sponging miR-151a-3p, leading to DSB repair suppressed | 2019 | (77) |
| Lnc-Sox2ot | High invasive PDAC cells | Low invasive PDAC cells | Promote EMT and stemness | Increase Sox2 by sponging miR-200 family | 2018 | (78) |
| LncRNA-UCA1 | Hypoxic bladder cancer cells | Normoxic bladder cancer cells | Induce EMT, promote proliferation, migration, and invasion | Increase vimentin and MMP9, decrease E-cadherin | 2017 | (79) |
| Lnc-MMP2-2 | TGF-β pretreated lung cancer cells | Normal lung cancer cells | Promote migration and invasion | Increase MMP2 | 2018 | (80) |
| Linc-ROR | Thyroid cancer stem-like cells | Normal thyroid cancer cells | Induce EMT | None | 2017 | (81) |
| LncRNA ZFAS1 | High invasive gastric cancer cells | Low invasive gastric cancer cells | Promote proliferation, migration, and EMT | Increase cyclinD1, N-cadherin, slug, twist, p-ERK and Bcl-2, decrease E-cadherin and Bax | 2017 | (82) |
| Non-cancer cell to cancer cell | ||||||
| LncRNA HISLA | TAMs | Breast cancer cells | Promote aerobic glycolysis, apoptotic resistance, and chemoresistance | Block the interaction of PHD2 and HIF-1α, inhibit the hydroxylation and degradation of HIF-1α | 2019 | (83) |
| LncRNA H19 | CAFs | Colorectal cancer cells | Promote stemness and chemoresistance | Act as a ceRNA for miR-141, activate β-catenin pathway | 2018 | (84) |
| LncRNA PTENP1 | Normal cells | Bladder cancer cells | Promote apoptosis, inhibit migration and invasion | Decrease PTEN by sponging miR-17 | 2018 | (85) |
RCC, renal cell carcinoma; SACC, salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma; TMZ, temozolomide; GBM, glioblastoma; PDAC, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; TAMs, tumor-associated macrophages CAFs, carcinoma-associated fibroblasts.