Table 3.
Summary of studies incorporating different ions within polymer biomaterials.
| Type of ion incorporated | Type of biomaterial | Ion incorporation methodology | Content of ion incorporated | Ion release rate or amount of ion released | Effect on osteogenesis | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Copper | Chitosan doped with copper | Ion crosslinked hydrogel | 62.5 μM per scaffold | N/A | ↑ Mineralized tissue formation ↑ Hard tissue ingrowth ↑ Bone volume |
D'Mello et al., 2015 |
| Chitosan and alginate doped with copper nanoparticles | Nanoparticle loaded polymer | 0.0635 mg copper NP per mL. | ≈1-35 μM* | ↑ ALP activity ↑ COL1, OCN expression ↑calcium deposition ↑ Bone mineral density ↑ Total bone volume |
Lu et al., 2018 | |
| Silicon | Silica-hybridized collagen hydrogels | Ionic solution within liquid phase | 90:10 and 80:20 weight ratio (collagen to TMOS) | ≈ 641–1068 μM* | ↑ Mineralization ↑ Runx2, OPN, BSP expression |
Yu et al., 2015 |
| Silicon nitride coated Polyetheretherketone | Bioactive coating | N/A | ≈ 11–93 μM* | ↑ ALP, OPN, OCN, Runx2 expression | Xu et al., 2019 | |
| Silicon oxynitride coated wafer | Bioactive coating | N/A | ≈ 36–142 μM* | ↑ Runx2, OCN, COL1 expression ↑ Mineralization ↑ Bone volume formation |
Ilyas et al., 2016 | |
| Strontium | PCL fibers + Sr carbonate nanoparticles | Ceramic loaded polymer | 10 and 20 wt% (Strontium NPs to polymer) | ≈ 114–685 μM (10 wt%)*
≈ 23–457 μM (20% wt)* |
↑ Mineral deposition ↑ BMP-2, Osterix, Runx2 expression |
Meka et al., 2016 |
| Strontium-doped borate BAG particles and chitosan | Ceramic loaded polymer | BAG-Sr: 9% molar ratio (Strontium to BAG ion content) 2g of BAG-Sr in 1ml of chitosan |
11–342 μM* | ↑ Runx2, OCN, BMP-2, COL1, BSP expression ↑ Bone formation ↑ Bone implant contact |
Zhang Y. et al., 2015 | |
| Collagen-strontium-substituted HA | Ceramic loaded polymer | Sr-HA: 100% substitution (Strontium to Calcium) 0.2g of Sr-HA in 0.8 ml of collagen |
N/A | ↑ Bone formation ↑ Deposition of ECM in the bone defect region |
Yang et al., 2011 | |
| Magnesium | PLA-magnesium particle composite | Mg particles within PLA solution | 2 and 5 wt% (Magnesium to PLA) | 3680–4590 μM* | ↑ Cell spreading and mineralized nodules | Zhao et al., 2017 |
| Bisphosphonate-magnesium NPs within hyaluronic acid hydrogel | Dissolution with ion containing solutions | 10, 100 and 250 mM | 10.000–100.000 μM* | ↑ Runx2, ALP, COL1, OCN expression ↑ New Bone Volume |
Zhang K. et al., 2017 | |
| Boron | Boron doped HA coated chitosan scaffold | Ceramic loaded polymer | 10 mg H3BO3 per 100mL | N/A | ↑ COL1 and OPN expression | Tunçay et al., 2017 |
| Boron-doped chitosan nanoparticles within chitosan scaffolds | Nanoparticles loaded polymer | 300 μg Boron in 150 μL scaffold | ≈ 1.4–7.4 μM* | ↑ ALP activity ↑ COL1, OCN, OPN expression |
Gumusderelioglu et al., 2015 |
*
The minimum and the maximum amount released during the experiment (based on cell culture media change timepoints).
BMSC, bone mesenchymal stem cells (mBMSC, mouse; hBMSC, human; rBMSC, rat); ALP, alkaline phosphatase activity; COL1, collagen type I; OPN, osteopontin; Runx-2, Runt-related transcription factor 2; LOX, lysyl oxidase; OCN, osteocalcin; PCL, poly(ε-caprolactone); HA, hydroxyapatite; BAG, bioactive glass; ECM, matrix; PLA, polylactic acid; TCP, Tricalcium phosphate; BSP, Bone sialoprotein; NP, nanoparticles; BMP-2, Bone morphogenetic protein 2.
↑increase.