TABLE 1.

Associations of FGF23 with cancer.

Cancer	FGF23 level	FGF23 effect	References
Tumor-induced osteomalacia	↑ Cancer tissues ↑ Serum	↑ Renal phosphate wasting ↓1,25(OH)2D3 → Osteomalacia	Yamazaki et al., 2002; Larsson et al., 2003; Leaf et al., 2013; Lin et al., 2014; Abate et al., 2016; Elderman et al., 2016; Sauder et al., 2016; Boland et al., 2018; Savva et al., 2019; Colazo et al., 2020
Bone metastasis	↑ Serum		Mansinho et al., 2019
Myelodysplastic syndromes	↑ Serum ↑ Erythroid precursors	↓ Bone mineralization; microarchitecture ↑ Alpl; Runx2 ↑ Anemia	Weidner et al., 2020
Multiple myeloma	↑ Serum ↓ Cells	↑ EGR-1 and HPSE → Impacts tumor growth	Suvannasankha et al., 2015
Prostate cancer	Expression in cells ↔ Serum	↑ Cell proliferation and tumor invasion ↑ MAPK and AKT → Impacts tumor growth	Lee et al., 2014; Feng et al., 2015; Vlot et al., 2018
Endometrial cancer	↔ Serum		Cymbaluk-Płoska et al., 2020
Ovarian cancer	↑ Serum ↑ Cells		Tebben et al., 2005
Colorectal cancer	Serum level may rise ↑ Stool		Jacobs et al., 2011; Wang H.-P. et al., 2014
Breast cancer	↑ Cell mRNA		Aukes et al., 2017
Urothelial carcinoma	↑ Serum		Li et al., 2019
Prolactinoma	↔ Serum		Arslan et al., 2017