TABLE 2.
Associations of KL with cancer.
| Cancer | KL level | Mechanism of KL change | KL effect | References |
| Breast cancer | ↓ Cancer tissues ↓ Cell lines |
Epigenetic silencing; KL variant | ↓ Cell proliferation ⊣ IGF-1R/AKT/GSK-3β and ERK1/2 ↑ FGF pathway → Regulation of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ storage |
Wolf et al., 2008, 2010; Rubinek et al., 2012; Dallol et al., 2015; Sinha et al., 2015; Shmulevich et al., 2020 |
| Colorectal cancer | ↓ Cancer tissues ↓ Cell lines |
Epigenetic silencing; miR-15b; NF-κB and IGF-1R activity; KL variant | ↓ Cell survival; proliferation ↓ Tumor growth; weight; volume ↑ Cell cycle arrest ↑ Apoptosis ⊣ IGF-1R/PI3K/AKT ⊣ ERK and HIF-1α ⊣ NF-κB ⊣ Wnt3a/β-catenin signaling |
Gan et al., 2011; Pan et al., 2011; Li et al., 2014, 2016, 2018; Yang et al., 2014; Bordonaro and Lazarova, 2015; Perveez et al., 2015; Arbel Rubinstein et al., 2019; Liu et al., 2019; Xie et al., 2019, 2020; Kamal et al., 2020; Son et al., 2020 |
| Lung cancer | ↓ Cancer tissues ↓ Cell lines |
miR-10b; Ras8 activity | ↓ Cell proliferation; growth; invasiveness; migration ↑ Apoptosis ⊣ IGF-1R/AKT ⊣ Wnt3a/β-catenin signaling ↓ IL-6 and IL-8 → Sensitizes for cisplatin via PI3K/AKT or autophagy |
Chen et al., 2010, 2012, 2016, 2019; Wang X. et al., 2011, Wang et al., 2013; Huang et al., 2015; Chen B. et al., 2018 |
| Hepatocellular cancer | ↓ Cancer tissues ↓ Cell lines |
Epigenetic silencing | ↓ Colony formation; proliferation; migration; invasion ↑ Apoptosis; autophagy ⊣ Wnt/β-catenin signaling ⊣ IGF-1R/AKT/ERK ↑ VEGFR2/PAK1 →↑ migration; invasion |
Chen et al., 2013; Shu et al., 2013; Xie et al., 2013b; Sun et al., 2015; Tang et al., 2016b |
| Squamous cell carcinoma | ↓ Cancer tissues | Epigenetic silencing | ⊣ N-cadherin → Regulation of EMT |
Adhikari et al., 2017; Ibi et al., 2017 |
| Pancreatic cancer | ↓ Cancer tissues ↓ Cell lines |
Epigenetic silencing; miR-199a | ↓ Colony size and number; tumor growth ↑ Chemotherapeutic effects ⊣ IGF-1R/AKT/ERK1/2 ⊣ mTOR ⊣ FGF2 |
Abramovitz et al., 2011; Jiang et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2020 |
| Gastric carcinoma | ↓ Cancer tissues ↓ Cell lines |
Epigenetic silencing; miR-199a | ↓ Growth ⊣ IGF-1R/PI3K/mTOR ⊣ ERK1/2 ↑ Apoptosis |
Wang L. et al., 2011; Xie et al., 2013a; He et al., 2014 |
| Prostate cancer | ↓ Cell lines | Epigenetic silencing; KL SNP | Kim et al., 2014b; Seo et al., 2017 | |
| Renal cell carcinoma | ↓ Cancer tissues ↓ Cell lines |
↓ Cell proliferation; migration; invasion; motility; EMT ⊣ IGF-1R ⊣ PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β/Snail ⊣ EGF-1 dependent p38MAPK activation |
Zhu et al., 2013; Gigante et al., 2015; Kim et al., 2016; Dehghani et al., 2018 | |
| Ovarian cancer | ↓ Cancer tissues ↓ Cell lines |
↓ Cell proliferation ↓ Tumor growth and tumor-associated inflammation ⊣ IGF-1/ERK1/2 |
Lojkin et al., 2015; Yan et al., 2017 | |
| Melanoma | ↓ Aged cells | PPARγ; HMGB1 and NF-κB activity | ↓ Cell motility ⊣ Wnt5a-mediated filamin A cleavage |
Camilli et al., 2011; Xie et al., 2016; Behera et al., 2017 |
| Thyroid cancer | ↓ Cancer tissues | ↓ Cell proliferation ↑ Apoptosis ⊣ Stanniocalcin-1 |
Dai et al., 2016; Pawlikowski et al., 2019 | |
| Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder | ↓ High- grade cancer tissues | Hori et al., 2016 | ||
| Glioblastoma multiforme | Epigenetic silencing | ↓ Cell viability | Peshes-Yeloz et al., 2019 | |
| Cervical carcinoma | ↓ Cancer tissues ↓ Cell lines |
Epigenetic silencing | ↓ EMT ⊣ Wnt/β-catenin signaling |
Lee et al., 2010; Chang et al., 2012 |
| Dedifferentiated liposarcoma | ↓ Cancer tissues | ↓ Cell proliferation ↑ Apoptosis → Sensitizes to ER stress ⊣ IGF-1–induced Ca2+ and ERK1/2 signaling |
Delcroix et al., 2018 | |
| T-cell lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma | ↓ Cancer tissues ↓ Cell lines |
↓ Cell proliferation ↑ Apoptosis ⊣ IGF-1R/AKT/ERK1/2 |
Zhou et al., 2017a,b | |