Table 2.
EVs as potential biomarkers for RA and SLE.
| Disease | Molecular | Change | Body fluids | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RA | IgMRF+ EVs | Positive correlation with disease activity | Serum | (65) |
| CD41+EVs | Upregulated | Synovial fluid | (44) | |
| CD3+CD8+Tcell-derived EVs | Upregulated | Synovial fluid | (66) | |
| Hotair in EVs | Upregulated | Serum/urine | (67) | |
| Exosomal miR-106b | Upregulated | Synovial fluid | (68) | |
| Exosomal miR-6089 | Downregulated | Serum | (69) | |
| Exosomal miR-548a-3p | Downregulated | Serum | (70) | |
| Citrullinated proteins in EVs | Upregulated | Synovial fluid | (47) | |
| miR-146a and miR-155 | Upregulated | Synovial fluid /plasma |
(71) | |
| SLE | Urinary exosomal miR-135b-5p, miR-107, miR-31 | Upregulated in LN | Urine | (72) |
| Urinary exosomal miR-21, miR-150, and miR-29c | Correlated with LN chronicity index (CI) | Urine | (73) | |
| Exosomal miR-146a | Downregulated | Serum | (74) | |
| Urinary podocyte-derived MPs | Positively correlated with the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) score | Urine | (75) | |
| Endothelial cells-MPs | Upregulated | Serum | (76) | |
| Urinary MP-HMGB1 | Upregulated in active LN than inactive | Urine | (77) | |
| Monocytic CD 14+ MP | Positively correlated with the disease activity in SLE | Plasma | (65) |