Figure 1.

Bipartite metabolism of IBPs on the example of intracellular Listeria monocytogenes (Grubmüller et al., 2014; Eisenreich et al., 2017) showing various metabolic states and their possible significance for formation of persistence. (A) Host cell provides to intracellular L. monocytogenes a sufficient amount of glycerol as an energy source and a limited amount of glucose-6-phosphate used mainly for anabolic processes. (B) Host cell is unable to provide glucose-6-phosphate but can still provide a sufficient amount of glycerol which has now to be used by L. monocytogenes as energy source and for maintaining anabolic processes. (C) Host cell can only provide a limited amount of glycerol which is now mainly used by the intracellular bacteria as energy source to provide sufficient ATP for repair functions (mainly for DNA repair). Red arrows indicate mainly catabolic processes and green arrows anabolic processes. The thickness of the arrows indicates the strength of the processes under the given nutritional conditions. Dashed thin arrows indicate reactions that are no longer occurring or severely restricted under the given condition. Red-labelled ATP, NADH, and NADPH mean formation and blue ones consumption by the corresponding processes. See text, for further details.